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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47820</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-45955</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KGFKIF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Who is to be considered a speaker in macropragmatics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Кого считать «говорящим» в макропрагматике</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-5792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolyan</surname><given-names>Suren T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золян</surname><given-names>Сурен Тигранович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor Habil., Professor and leading researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор филологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>surenzolyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Балтийский федеральный университет имени Иммануила Канта</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Pragmalinguistics: Сorpora and Discourse Studies</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Pragmalinguistics: Сorpora and Discourse Studies</issue-title><fpage>745</fpage><lpage>768</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Zolyan S.T.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Золян С.Т.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Zolyan S.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zolyan S.T.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Золян С.Т.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Zolyan S.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/47820">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/47820</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Pragmatics is typically understood as the study of relationship between the subject and the sign system. Therefore, identifying the subject is a crucial issue that influences the development of this field. However, it is still common to limit the concept of the subject in pragmatics to observable entities, primarily the speaker. The limitations of this approach become particularly evident in the study of suprapersonal communication, where institutions or imaginary communities serve as communicators . This paper aims to identify the pragmatic characteristics of interlocutors in suprapersonal communication. Сonsider the formation of pragmatics, and the further distinction between macro- and micropragmatics as well between branches of pragmatics such as intercultural, cross-cultural, and socio-cultural pragmatics. As a result of the analysis of these concepts, supported by the consideration of specific cases of non-personalized communication, I conclude that it is necessary to change the approach to the subject by introducing the concept of “imaginary communicant”. This can be seen as a development of Charles Pierce’s approach to semantics as a result of the interaction of a quasi-speaker and a quasi-interpreter welded within the sign . Additionally, I suggest a new distinction between macro- and megapragmatics. The term macropragmatics can be applied to situations where communication agents are identifiable with specific institutional entities acting as “speaking persons”. This makes it possible to transcend back to real individuals. This concept should be distinguished from “megapragmatics,” which pertains to global imagined entities endowed with semiotic selves, such as nations, cultures, or societies. The study contributes to a better understanding of how the concept of the interlocutor applies to suprapersonal levels of intercultural and sociocultural communication and what semiotic characteristics it can be endowed with on the macropragmatic level.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Прагматику принято определять как отношение между субъектом и знаковой системой. Тем самым проблема идентификации субъекта является ключевой, определяющей развитие этой дисциплины. Однако до сих пор понятие субъекта в прагматике принято сводить к наблюдаемым сущностям, а именно к говорящему. Неадекватность такого подхода становится особо заметной, когда предметом изучения является надперсональная коммуникация, в которой в качестве коммуникантов выступают институты или воображаемые сообщества. Цель статьи - выявление прагматических характеристик субъектов-коммуникантов в надличностной коммуникации и на этой основе - разграничение между микро- и макропрагматикой. В статье рассматривается становление прагматики и возникшее разграничение между макро- и микропрагматикой, а также дальнейшее выделение таких ветвей макропрагматики, как социокультурная, межкультурная и кросскультурная прагматика. Как результат анализа этих концепций, подкрепленного рассмотрением конкретных случаев неперсонализованной коммуникации, делается вывод о необходимости изменить подход к субъекту путем введения понятия «воображаемый коммуникант», что может рассматриваться развитием подхода Чарльза Пирса к семантике как результату взаимодействия спаянных внутри знака квази- говорящего и квази-интепретатора. Кроме того, предложено разграничение на новых основаниях макро- и мегапрагматики. Термин «макропрагматика» может быть оставлен для описания тех феноменов, при которых агенты отождествляются с некоторой конкретной институциональной сущностью, действующей как «говорящее лицо». В этих случаях, по крайней мере теоретически, возможно проследить связи до реальных говорящих. Данный уровень следует отличать от того, что можно назвать «мега-прагматикой», где субъекты являются глобальными воображаемыми конструктами (нациями, культурами, обществами и т.д.). Сделанные выводы позволяют расширить представление о том, каким образом понятие «субъект-коммуникант» применимо к надличностным уровням межкультурной коммуникации и какими семиотическими характеристиками оно может быть наделено в макропрагматике.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pragmatics</kwd><kwd>macropragmatics</kwd><kwd>speaker</kwd><kwd>imaginary speaker</kwd><kwd>semiotic selves</kwd><kwd>intercultural pragmatics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прагматика</kwd><kwd>макропрагматика</kwd><kwd>говорящий</kwd><kwd>воображаемый говорящий</kwd><kwd>семиотическое «Я»</kwd><kwd>межкультурная прагматика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This research was supported by the “Priority 2030” strategic academic leadership program at Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson, Benedict R. 1991. 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