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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">44888</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-39624</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KXAJEY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Linguistic (in)visibility in Islamabad’s landscape: A nexus analysis of policies, practices and perceptions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Языковой ландшафт Исламабада: анализ взаимосвязи политики, практики и восприятия</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-3851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hussain</surname><given-names>Turab</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуссейн</surname><given-names>Тураб</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD linguistics scholar at National University of Modern Languages. He is the founder of Society for Endangered Languages Pakistan (SELP). Currently, he is serving as lecturer at Government Degree College for boys, Parachinar, and visiting lecturer at Khyber Medical University. His research interests include sociolinguistics, linguistic landscape, language policy, linguistic human rights, language endangerment and language revitalization</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант Национального университета современных языков, Исламабад, Пакистан. Является основателем Общества по изучению исчезающих языков Пакистана (SELP). Преподает в государственном колледже в Парачинаре и в Хайберском медицинском университете. В сферу его научных интересов входят социолингвистика, языковой ландшафт, языковая политика, языковые права человека, угроза исчезновения языков и их возрождение</p></bio><email>turabhussain@numl.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9170-2898</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasir</surname><given-names>Muhammad Haseeb</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насир</surname><given-names>Мухаммад Хасиб</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of English at National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad. He earned his PhD in Linguistics from National University of Modern Languages in 2018 and has been teaching undergraduate and postgraduate linguistics courses since 2013. His research interests include sociolinguistics, multimodal discourse studies, ecolinguistics, and forensic linguistics.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры английского языка Национального университета современных языков (NUML), Исламабад, Пакистан. Получил степень PhD в области лингвистики в 2018 г. Его научные интересы включают социолингвистику, мультимодальные исследования дискурса, эколингвистику и судебную лингвистику</p></bio><email>mhnasir@numl.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9422-8070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Aziz Ullah</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хан</surname><given-names>Азиз</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of English at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad. He holds a PhD in Applied Linguistics from the University of Auckland, New Zealand. His research interests include sociolinguistics, language policy, and language practices. He has published research articles in international journals and contributed a book chapter to Global Perspectives on Language Education Policies (Routledge, 2018).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры английского языка Национального университета современных языков (NUML), Исламабад, Пакистан. Получил степень PhD в области прикладной лингвистике в Оклендском университете (Новая Зеландия). В сферу его научных интересов входят социолингвистика, языковая политика и языковая практика. Автор ряда научных статей и главы книги Global Perspectives on Language Education Policies (Routledge, 2018).</p></bio><email>azizkhan@numl.edu.pk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National University of Modern Languages</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный университет современных языков</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>409</fpage><lpage>431</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Hussain T., Nasir M.H., Khan A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Хуссейн Т., Насир М.Х., Хан А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Hussain T., Nasir M., Khan A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hussain T., Nasir M.H., Khan A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хуссейн Т., Насир М.Х., Хан А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Hussain T., Nasir M., Khan A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/44888">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/44888</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The linguistic landscape (LL) in multilingual communities often reflects the complex relationship of language policies, practices, and people’s perceptions of these policies and practices. This complex policy-practice-perception nexus leads to questions of linguistic inclusivity in contexts such as Pakistan. This study, therefore, attempted to find the nexus of spatial practices, language policies, and residents’ perceptions of language use in the LL of Islamabad. To improve the structure of the highlighted sentence, it may be rewritten as: Data included a sample of 1213 pictures collected from Islamabad; text from the Pakistani constitution, parliamentary debates, and political talk shows; and three focus group discussions with the local residents. A nexus analysis of the data (Hult 2018) was carried out to see the extent of correspondence among the three data sets. The findings revealed that English, Urdu, and Arabic remain the most visible languages (respectively) in the LL of Islamabad, and the indigenous languages lack visibility. The macro-level language policies were also found to promote the three languages, deeming them necessary for the constitutional and ideological makeup of Pakistan. The residents, too, tended to favour the use of these languages in the LL of Islamabad, despite their demonstration of affection for their native languages. The findings of the study have serious implications for the Pakistani indigenous languages, and indicate a need for inclusive language policies and awareness initiatives to protect linguistic diversity in Pakistan.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Языковой ландшафт (ЯЛ) в многоязычных сообществах часто отражает сложную взаимосвязь между языковой политикой, языковыми практиками и их восприятием населением, что ставит вопрос о языковой инклюзивности. В данной работе предпринята попытка выявить связь между представленностью языка в городском пространстве Исламабада, проводимой языковой политикой и восприятием жителями использования языка в ЯЛ. Материалом для исследования послужили: выборка из 1213 фотографий, сделанных в Исламабаде; тексты из конституции Пакистана, парламентских дебатов, политических ток-шоу и дискуссии, проведенные с тремя фокус-группами местных жителей. Полученные данные были проанализированы с помощью триадной модели ЯЛ Трампера-Хехта (Trumper-Hecht 2010). С целью определить степень их соответствия был проведен нексус-анализ (Hult 2018). Результаты показали, что наиболее заметными языками в ЯЛ Исламабада остаются английский, урду и арабский, в то время как коренные языки находятся на заднем плане. Языковая политика на макроуровне также содействует распространению этих трех языков, считая их необходимыми для конституционного и идеологического устройства Пакистана. Было выявлено, что местные жители, несмотря на их привязанность к своим родным языкам, также приветствуют использование этих трех языков в ЯЛ Исламабада. Результаты исследования имеют важное значение для коренных языков Пакистана и указывают на необходимость проведения инклюзивной языковой политики и просветительских мероприятий по защите языкового разнообразия.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>linguistic landscape</kwd><kwd>language policy</kwd><kwd>nexus analysis</kwd><kwd>multilingual communities</kwd><kwd>indigenous languages</kwd><kwd>Pakistan</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>языковой ландшафт</kwd><kwd>языковая политика</kwd><kwd>нексус-анализ</kwd><kwd>многоязычные сообщества</kwd><kwd>коренные языки</kwd><kwd>Пакистан</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Amos, H. William. 2017. Regional language vitality in the linguistic landscape: Hidden hierarchies on street signs in Toulouse. 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