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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">44880</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-41329</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ITFPNA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The cleft construction: A formal definition</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Расщепленная конструкция: формальное определение</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4520-0554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mel’čuk</surname><given-names>Igor</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельчук</surname><given-names>Игорь</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor Emeritus at the University of Montreal, Canada. He is the proponent of the Meaning-Text approach to natural language and one of the pioneers of Machine Translation (since 1954). His research interests include general linguistics (with special attention to its conceptual apparatus and terminology), semantics (with special attention to lexicology and lexicography), syntax (with special attention to dependency structures), and morphology. His work is based mostly on Russian and French, but concerns also English and several other languages (Spanish, Hungarian, Lezghian, Alutor, Dyirbal, Bafia, Kirundi, Korean).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заслуженный профессор Монреальского университета (Канада) и член Королевского общества Канады, является автором лингвистического подхода «Смысл-Текст» и одним из пионеров машинного перевода (с 1954 года). Его научные интересы включают общую лингвистику (в особенности ее понятийный аппарат и терминологию), семантику (в особенности лексикологию и лексикографию), синтаксис (в особенности структуры зависимостей) и морфологию. Работы И.А. Мельчука основываются, в первую очередь, на данных русского и французского языков, но затрагивают также английский и ряд других языков (испанский, венгерский, лезгинский, алюторский, дьирбал, бафия, рунди, корейский).</p></bio><email>igor.melcuk@umontreal.ca</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte, Université de Montréal</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лингвистический центр Смысл-Текст, Монреальский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>218</fpage><lpage>249</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Mel’čuk I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Мельчук И.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Mel’čuk I.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mel’čuk I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельчук И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Mel’čuk I.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/44880">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/44880</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper addresses the task of systematizing linguistic notions and corresponding terminology: it presents a rigorous definition of the notion of cleft construction. The study is carried out in the theoretical framework of the Meaning-Text approach. The substantive and formal requirements on a rigorous linguistic definition are formulated. The cleft construction in English is described as a basis for the definition: the semantic [SemR], the deep-syntactic [DSyntR] and the surface-syntactic [SSyntR] representations of three English cleft sentences are given, as well as five formal DSyntR ⇔ SSyntR rules for the expression of a focalized Rheme by the cleft construction. The cleft construction is defined as a particular type of linguistic sign; it is a grammatical (surface-syntactic) idiom, headed by a lexeme of the copula verb ‘be’ with fairly complex syntactics. An overview of cleft constructions in several languages structurally different from English-French, Spanish, German, Irish, Kinyarwanda, and Mandarin Chinese-follows. Finally, pseudo-cleft sentences are considered; in contrast to cleft sentences, they are special only from a semantic, but not from a syntactic viewpoint (there is no term * pseudo-cleft construction ): they present a particular organization of the starting meaning. The results of the paper: 1) It proposes a formal notion of cleft construction, which allows the researchers to distinguish-in various languages-syntactic phenomena that serve the same informational purpose (namely, the expression of a focalized Rheme or Theme), but are structurally different; in this way the paper contributes to General syntax. 2) It provides a sketch of a formal description of the cleft construction in English, thus contributing to English studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье решается задача систематизации лингвистических понятий и соответствующей терминологии: дается строгое определение понятия «расщепленная конструкция». Исследование проводится в рамках теоретического подхода «Смысл-Текст». Формулируются содержательные и формальные требования к строгому лингвистическому определению. В качестве базы определения описывается расщепленная конструкция в английском языке: даются семантические [SemR], глубинно-синтаксические [DSyntR] и поверхностно-синтаксические [SSyntR] представления трех английских расщепленных предложений, а также пять формальных DSyntR ⇔ SSyntR правил для выражения фокализованной ремы конструкцией с расщеплением. Данная конструкция определяется как особый тип языкового знака; это грамматическая (поверхностно-синтаксическая) идиома, в которой синтаксической вершиной является глагол-связка ‘быть’ с достаточно сложной синтактикой. Представлен обзор расщепленных конструкций в нескольких языках, структурно отличных от английского, - во французском, испанском, немецком, ирландском, киньяруанда и современном китайском. Затем рассматриваются псевдо-расщепленные предложения, которые, в отличие от расщепленных, являются особенными только с семантической, но не с синтаксической точки зрения (термин * псевдо-расщепленная конструкция не используется): в них представлена особая организация исходного значения. В статье предложены: 1) формальное определение расщепленной конструкции, которое позволяет исследователям различать в разных языках синтаксические явления, служащие одной и той же информационной цели (а именно выражению фокализованной ремы или темы), но являющиеся структурно различными; 2) краткое формальное описание расщепленной конструкции в английском языке. Таким образом, работа вносит вклад в исследования общего и английского синтаксиса.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>formal linguistic notions</kwd><kwd>syntax</kwd><kwd>cleft construction</kwd><kwd>pseudo-cleft sentences</kwd><kwd>English</kwd><kwd>Kinyarwanda</kwd><kwd>Mandarin Chinese</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>формальные лингвистические понятия</kwd><kwd>синтаксис</kwd><kwd>расщепленная конструкция</kwd><kwd>псевдо-расщепленные предложения</kwd><kwd>английский язык</kwd><kwd>язык киньяруанда</kwd><kwd>современный китайский язык</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Andrade, Aroldo Leal. 2019. Assessing the emergence of reduced clefts in Brazilian Portuguese: Rhetoric structure, information structure and syntax. Revista de Letras 99. 101-126. 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