<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42181</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-40496</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LMSZDN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From objective to subjective and to intersubjective functions: The case of the Thai ‘truth’-lexeme</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>От объективных функций к субъективным и интерсубъективным: тайская лексема ciŋ «истина»</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-7487</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khammee</surname><given-names>Kultida</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кхамми</surname><given-names>Культида</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>earned her PhD in Applied Linguistics from Mahidol University, Thailand, and has been teaching at University of Phayao, Thailand, since 2012. Her research interests include text analysis, cognitive linguistics, cultural studies, and language change from cross-linguistic and typological perspectives. She has authored and co-authored a number of articles published in Journal of Pragmatics, GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, World Journal of English Language, among others, and a book chapter in Culture-Bound Syndromes in Popular Culture (2024, Routledge).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>получила PhD по прикладной лингвистике в Университете Махидол, Таиланд, преподает в Университете Пхаяо, Таиланд, с 2012 г. Ее научные интересы включают анализ текста, когнитивную лингвистику, культурологию, а также изменение языка с кросс-лингвистической и типологической точек зрения. Она является автором и соавтором ряда статей, опубликованных в Journal of Pragmatics, GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, World Journal of English Language и др., а также глав книги Culture-Bound Syndromes in Popular Culture (2024, Routledge).</p></bio><email>annenfants@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Phayao</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Пхаяо</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Discourse-pragmatic markers of (inter)subjective stance in Asian languages: With special focus on Chinese etymons</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Discourse-pragmatic markers of (inter)subjective stance in Asian languages: With special focus on Chinese etymons</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>942</fpage><lpage>965</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Khammee K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Кхамми К.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Khammee K.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khammee K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кхамми К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Khammee K.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/42181">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/42181</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Borrowed lexemes developing into discourse markers (DMs) are uniquely valuable research topics from contact linguistic and grammaticalization perspectives. Although a large number of Sino-Thai lexemes are commonly used, there has not been any serious attempt to analyze such lexemes. The aim of this study is to describe diverse discourse functions of the Sino-Thai lexemes involving ciŋ ‘true’ drawing upon corpus data, to analyze their development with respect to grammaticalization mechanisms, to identify their DM properties, to compare with the developments reported in other languages, and to construct a conceptual-functional network. The data obtained from diverse sources, including historical and contemporary dictionaries, online resources, reference grammars, contemporary corpora, among others show that the lexeme ciŋ ‘true’ denotes ‘true, truth, real’ (objective meaning) as a lexical word, but it also functions adverbially as an intensifier marking ‘surely, definitely’ (subjective meaning) which is a natural development of its lexical meaning. In the domain of discourse, the lexeme acquired a number of interactional functions (intersubjective meaning). A review of the Thai DMs based on ciŋ ‘true’ (truth-DMs) in light of grammaticalization parameters shows that changes characterizable as desemanticization, extension, and decategorialization are observable, whereas erosion is either not observed or its reverse is often found. Despite variable degrees of semantic bleaching, the semantic change in the movement from objective to subjective, and further to intersubjective meanings, is prominent. The functional similarity between truth-DMs across languages notwithstanding, the differences are much greater. These findings contribute to the understanding of the role of source semantics as well as its limits in the developmental paths of DMs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Заимствованные лексемы, развивающиеся в дискурсивные маркеры (ДМ), являются уникальными лингвистическими феноменами с точки зрения контактной лингвистики и грамматикализации. Несмотря на то, что сино-тайские лексемы достаточно многочисленны и частотны, до сих пор не было серьезных попыток их проанализировать. Целью данного исследования является выявление и описание различных дискурсивных функций сино-тайских лексем, в том числе лексемы ciŋ «истинный», с опорой на корпусные данные. Среди наших задач - анализ их развития с точки зрения механизмов грамматикализации, выявление их свойств в качестве ДМ, сравнение с развитием, описанным в других языках, и построение концептуально-функциональной сетки. Данные, полученные из различных источников, включая исторические и современные словари, онлайн-ресурсы, справочные грамматики, современные корпуса и т.д., показывают, что лексема ciŋ «истинный» обозначает «истинный, истина, реальный» (объективное значение), но при адвербиальном употреблении в качестве усилителя она обозначает «конечно, определенно» (субъективное значение), что является естественным развитием ее лексического значения. В сфере дискурса лексема выполняет ряд интеракциональных функций (интерсубъективное значение). Рассмотрение тайских ДМ на основе ciŋ «истинный» («истина - ДМ») в свете параметров грамматикализации показывает, что изменения, характеризуемые как десемантизация, расширение значения и декатегоризация, лежат на поверхности, их можно наблюдать, тогда как эрозия носит скрытый характер, либо не наблюдается. Несмотря на различную степень десемантизации, семантическое изменение в направлении от объективного значения - к субъективному и далее - к интерсубъективному является значительным. Несмотря на функциональное сходство «истина - ДМ» в разных языках, различия между ними весьма значимы. Полученные результаты способствуют пониманию роли исходной семантики, а также ее ограничений в процессе развития дискурсивных маркеров.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>discourse marker</kwd><kwd>grammaticalization</kwd><kwd>(inter)subjective functions</kwd><kwd>Thai</kwd><kwd>truth</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дискурсивный маркер</kwd><kwd>грамматикализация</kwd><kwd>(интер)субъективные функции</kwd><kwd>тайский язык</kwd><kwd>«истина»</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported by the research fund of University of Phayao.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aijmer, Karin. 1986. Why is actually so popular in spoken English? In Gunnel Tottie &amp; Ingegerd Bäcklund (eds.), English in speech and writing: A symposium, 119-129. Uppsala: Almqvist &amp; Wilsell International.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Aijmer, Karin. 2016. Revisiting actually in different positions in some national varieties of English. In Francisco Alonso Almeida, Laura Cruz Garcia &amp; Victor M. Gonzales Ruiz (eds.), Corpus-based studies on language varieties, 115-143. Bristol: Peter Lang.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Aijmer, Karin, Ad Foolen &amp; Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen. 2006. Pragmatic markers in translation: A methodological proposal. In Kerstin Fischer (ed.), Approaches to discourse particles, 101-114. Amsterdam: Elsevier.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Betz, Emma. 2015. Indexing epistemic access through different confirmation formats: Uses of responsive (das) stimmt in German interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 87. 251-266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Blanco-Suárez, Zeltia. 2014. The competition between the intensifiers dead and deadly. In Hilde Hasselgård, Jarle Ebeling &amp; Signe Oksefjell Ebeling (eds.), Corpus perspectives on patterns of lexis, 71-90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bolden, Galina B., Alexa Hepburn &amp; Jenny Mandelbaum. 2023. The distinctive uses of right in British and American English interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 205. 78-91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Brinton, Laurel J. 2017. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Defour, Tine, Ulrique D’Hondt, Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen &amp; Dominique Willems. 2010. In fact, en fait, de fait, au fait: A contrastive study of the synchronic correspondences and diachronic development of English and French cognates. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 111 (4). 433-463.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Du Bois, John W., Susanna Cumming, Stephan Schuetze-Coburn &amp; Danae Paolino (eds.). 1992. Discourse Transcription (Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics 4). Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Garcés, María Pilar Gómez. 2014. Gramaticalización y tradiciones discursivas: El proceso de creación de los marcadores de confirmación. Revue Romane 29 (2). 264-292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gardner, Rod. 2001. When Listeners Talk: Response Tokens and Listener Stance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Givón, Talmy. 1971. Historical syntax and synchronic morphology: An archaeologist’s field trip. Chicago Linguistic Society 7. 394-415.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Givón, Talmy. 2015. The Diachrony of Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Gray, Mark. 2012. On the interchangeability of actually and really in spoken English: Quantitative and qualitative evidence from corpora. English Language and Linguistics 16 (1). 151-170.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Haarmann, Harald. 2012[1986]. Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations. Berlin: Mouton.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Haselow, Alexander. 2013. Arguing for a wide conception of grammar: The case of final particles in spoken discourse. Folia Linguistica 47 (2). 375-424.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd. 1992. Grammaticalization chains. Studies in Language 16 (2). 335-368.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd. 2013. On discourse markers: Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, or something else? Linguistics 51 (6). 1205-1247.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi &amp; Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva &amp; Haiping Long. 2021. The Rise of Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd &amp; Tania Kuteva. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd &amp; Tania Kuteva. 2007. The Genesis of Grammar: A Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Heritage, John. 1998. Oh-prefaced response to inquiry. Language in Society 27. 291-334.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Higashiizumi, Yuko, Reijirou Shibasaki &amp; Keiko Takahashi. 2024. From truth to truly: The case of shinni ‘truly’ in Japanese. Russian Journal of Linguistics 28 (4). 843-864. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-40518</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Elizabeth C. Traugott &amp; Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, 2 vols. Vol. 1, 17-35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Hopper, Paul J. &amp; Elizabeth C. Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jucker, Andreas H. 2002. Discourse markers in Early Modern English. In Richard Watts &amp; Peter Trudgill (eds.), Alternative histories of English, 210-230. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Khammee, Kultida &amp; Seongha Rhee. 2022. Same and different ways of seeing faces: The cases of Korean and Thai. The Journal of Linguistic Science 103. 361-381.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Khammee, Kultida &amp; Seongha Rhee. 2024. Cultural meanings of ‘small’: Similar yet different semantic networks of diminutives in Thai and Korean. Selected Conference Proceedings Papers of the SOAS GLOCAL 2022 Conference in Asia. 188-200.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kim, Hi-Jean. 2003. The-Fact-Is-That and related constructions: A usage-based approach and implications in English education. Doctoral dissertation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kuteva, Tania, Bernd Heine, Bo Hong, Haiping Long, Heiko Narrog &amp; Seongha Rhee. 2019. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Kuryłowicz, Jerzy. 1975[1965]. The evolution of grammatical categories. In Eugenio Coseriu (ed.), Esquisses linguistiques II, 38-54. Munich: Fink.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Lehmann, Christian. 2015[1982]. Thoughts on Grammaticalization (3rd ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Maschler, Yael &amp; Roi Estlein. 2008. Stance-taking in Hebrew casual conversation via beˈemet (‘really, actually, indeed’, lit. ‘in truth’). Discourse Studies 10 (4). 283-316.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Maschler, Yael &amp; Carmit Miller Shaprio. 2016. The role of prosody in the grammaticization of Hebrew naxon (‘right/true’): Synchronic and diachronic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics 92. 43-73.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Meillet, Antoine. 1912. L'évolution des formes grammaticales. Scientia 12. (Reprinted in Meillet. 1948. Linguistique Historique et Linguistique Générale 1. 130-148. Paris: Edouard Champion).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Méndez-Naya, Belén. 2006. Adjunct, modifier, discourse marker: On the various functions of right in the history of English. Folia Linguistica Historica 40. 141-169.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Narrog, Heiko. 2010. A diachronic dimension in maps of case functions. Linguistic Discovery 8 (1). 233-254.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Narrog, Heiko &amp; Shinya Ito. 2007. Re-constructing semantic maps: The comitative-instrumental area. Sprachtypolgie und Universalienforschung (STUF) 60 (4). 273-292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha. 2016. On the emergence of the stance-marking function of English adverbs: A case of intensifiers. Linguistic Research 33 (3). 395-436.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha. 2021. On grammaticalization of truthfulness-based emphatic discourse markers. In Fuxiang Wu, Yonglong Yang &amp; Haiping Long (eds.), Grammaticalization and studies of grammar 10, 461-499. Beijing: Commercial Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha. 2022. Where to go at the end: Polylexicalization and polygrammaticalization of Kaz ‘edge’ in Korean. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26 (3). 571-595. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30616</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha &amp; Kultida Khammee. 2024. Grammaticalization of future-time reference markers in Korean and Thai. GEMA: Journal of Language Studies 24 (3). 1-19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha &amp; Lin Zhang. 2024. The way of the truth: The case of Korean DM cincca in comparison with Chinese DMs zhenshi and zhende. Russian Journal of Linguistics 28 (4). 818-842. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-40500</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Ricca, Davide &amp; Jacqueline Visconti. 2014. On the development of the Italian truth adverbs davvero and veramente. In Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas H. Jucker &amp; Jukka Tuominen (eds.), Diachronic corpus pragmatics, 133-154. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Rodríguez Somolinos, Amalia. 2011. Assertion de la vérité et engagement du locuteur: L’évolution de voirement et de vraiment en français (XIIe-XVIIe siècle). Langages 184. 91-110.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Romaine, Suzanne. 1982. Socio-Historical Linguistics: Its Status and Methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Schegloff, Emanuel A. 1996. Confirming allusions: Toward an empirical account of action. The American Journal of Sociology 102 (1). 161-216.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Shibasaki, Reijirou &amp; Yuko Higashiizumi. Forthcoming. An introduction. In Yuko Higashiizumi &amp; Reijirou Shibasaki (eds.), The emergence of pragmatic markers in East Asian languages (Studies in pragmatics). Leiden: Brill.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie &amp; Dominique Willems. 2011. Crosslinguistic data as evidence in the grammaticalization debate: The case of discourse markers. Linguistics 41. 1123-1161.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Suthiwan, Titima &amp; Uri Tadmor. 2009. Loanwords in Thai. In Martin Haspelmath &amp; Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the World’s languages - a comparative handbook, 599-616. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2010. (Inter)subjectivity and (inter)subjectification: A reassessment. In Kristin Davidse, Lieven Vandelanotte &amp; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.), Subjectification, intersubjectification and grammaticalization, 29-71. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Traugott, Elizabeth Closs &amp; Richard B. Dasher. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Yaguchi, Michiko, Yoko Iyeiri &amp; Yasumasa Baba. 2010. Speech style and gender distinctions in the use of very and real/really: An analysis of the corpus of spoken professional American English. Journal of Pragmatics 42. 585-597.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
