<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42176</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-40500</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KZYRFB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The way of truth: The case of the Korean discourse marker cincca in comparison with Chinese zhenshi and zhende</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Путь истины: корейский дискурсивный маркер cincca в сравнении с китайскими zhenshi и zhende</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0312-0975</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rhee</surname><given-names>Seongha</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ри</surname><given-names>Сеонгха</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics at Mahidol University, Thailand and Professor Emeritus at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea. He received his Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Texas, Austin in 1996. His primary research interest is to identify cognitive and discursive mechanisms that enable language change from the crosslinguistic and typological perspectives. He published World Lexicon of Grammaticalization (co-author, 2019, CUP); book chapters in The Cambridge Handbook of Korean Linguistics (2022, CUP); and research articles in Nature, Journal of Pragmatics, Language Sciences, Russian Journal of Linguistics and Lingua, among others.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор лингвистики Университета Махидол, Таиланд, и почетный профессор Ханкукского университета иностранных исследований, Корея. Получил степень PhD по лингвистике в Техасском университете в Остине в 1996 году. Сфера его научных интересов - выявление когнитивных и дискурсивных механизмов изменения языка в межъязыковой и типологической перспективе. Среди его публикаций - книга World Lexicon of Grammaticalization (2019, CUP); главы книг в The Cambridge Handbook of Korean Linguistics (2022, CUP), статьи в журналах Nature, Journal of Pragmatics, Language Sciences, Russian Journal of Linguistics, Lingua и др.</p></bio><email>srhee@hufs.ac.kr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3826-536X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Lin</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чжан</surname><given-names>Линь</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctoral candidate in the Department of Korean Language and Literature at Seoul National University. Her primary research interests focus on historical development of lexical and grammatical forms in Korean, as well as comparative diachronic studies between Korean and Chinese</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докторант кафедры корейского языка и литературы Сеульского национального университета. Ее основные исследовательские интересы сосредоточены на историческом развитии лексических и грамматических форм в корейском языке, а также на сравнительных диахронических исследованиях корейского и китайского языков.</p></bio><email>linwkd@snu.ac.kr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mahidol University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Махидол</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hankuk University of Foreign Studies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ханкукский Университет иностранных исследований</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Seoul National University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сеульский национальный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Discourse-pragmatic markers of (inter)subjective stance in Asian languages: With special focus on Chinese etymons</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Discourse-pragmatic markers of (inter)subjective stance in Asian languages: With special focus on Chinese etymons</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>818</fpage><lpage>842</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Rhee S., Zhang L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Ри С., Чжан Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Rhee S., Zhang L.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rhee S., Zhang L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ри С., Чжан Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Rhee S., Zhang L.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/42176">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/42176</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Korean has a number of discourse markers (DMs) of Chinese origin, which carry similar and different functions as compared to Chinese source lexemes. Despite their significance, they have not received much attention, hence the rationale of the present study. The goal of the study is to compare DMs of the same origin in Korean and Chinese to identify similarities and differences, based on the data taken from historical and contemporary sources. The Korean DM cincca ‘a true thing’, composed of cin ‘tru(th)’ and the nominalizer cca ‘thing, person’, presents an interesting grammaticalization scenario into diverse discourse functions. The findings demonstrate that in addition to its original nominal function, the DM also carries an adjectival function of adding genuineness or excellence in quality to a modified noun or an adverbial function of adding emphasis to an adjective or a predicate. From this intensifying function there arise diverse DM functions through the interaction of the source meaning of ‘truthfulness’ and diverse inferences from the discourse contexts. The Chinese DMs involving the same etymon are zhende (from zhen ‘true’ and de ‘nominalizer’) and zhenshi (from zhen ‘true’ and shi ‘be so’). The functions of these two DMs are similar to those of the Korean cincca , but the Chinese DM zhenshi is negatively-biased by marking the speaker’s negative evaluation of the referenced person or event. An exploration on grammaticalization processes and functions in the two languages reveals much commonality but some differences in terms of functional distribution, prosody, and the extent of desemanticization.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В корейском языке есть ряд дискурсивных маркеров (ДM) китайского происхождения, которые выполняют как схожие, так и различные функции по сравнению с исходными китайскими лексемами. Несмотря на свою значимость, им не уделялось особого внимания в литературе. Цель данной статьи - сравнить дискурсивные маркеры одного и того же происхождения в корейском и китайском языках для выявления их сходств и различий. Исследование проведено на основе данных, взятых из исторических и современных источников. В центре внимания - корейский ДМ cincca ‘истинная вещь’, состоящий из cin ‘истина’ и номинализатора cca ‘вещь, человек’, который представляет интересный случай грамматикализации и приобретения способности выполнять различные функции в дискурсе. Результаты исследования демонстрируют, что в дополнение к первоначальной номинальной функции этот ДМ также выполняет адъективную функцию, добавляя модифицированному существительному значение подлинности или качественности, также адвербиальную функцию добавления акцента к прилагательному или сказуемому, усиливая прилагательное или сказуемое. Из этой усиливающей функции возникли различные функции ДМ посредством взаимодействия исходного значения правдивости и значений, выводимых из различных контекстов. Китайские ДМ, включающие тот же этимон, - zhende (от zhen ‘истинный’ и de ‘номинализатор’) и zhenshi (от zhen ‘истинный’ и shi ‘быть должным’). Функции этих двух китайских ДМ схожи с функциями корейского cincca , но китайский ДM zhenshi имеет отрицательную коннотацию, то есть содержит отрицательную оценку говорящим упомянутого человека или события. Исследование процессов и функций грамматикализации в двух языках выявляет много общего, а также выделяет некоторые различия в плане функционального распределения, просодии и степени десемантизации.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>grammaticalization</kwd><kwd>discourse marker</kwd><kwd>truth</kwd><kwd>Chinese</kwd><kwd>Korean</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грамматикализация</kwd><kwd>дискурсивный маркер</kwd><kwd>истина</kwd><kwd>китайский язык</kwd><kwd>корейский язык</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Special thanks go to Professors Haiping Long and Hyun Sook Lee for their constructive criticism and insightful suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. This research was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2023S1A5A2A01081160) for the first author and by Seoul National University for the second author.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adamou, Evangelia &amp; Yaron Matras (eds.) 2020. The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Aijmer, Karin. 1986. Why is actually so popular in spoken English? In Gunnel Tottie &amp; Ingegerd Bäcklund (eds.), English in speech and writing: A symposium, 119-129. Uppsala: Almqvist &amp; Wilsell International.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bisang, Walter. 2006. Contact-induced convergence: Typology and a reality. In Keith Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of language &amp; linguistics, 2nd ed. Vol. 3, 88-101. Oxford: Elsevier.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Brinton, Laurel J. 2017. The Evolution of Pragmatic Markers in English: Pathways of Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bybee, Joan L., Revere D. Perkins &amp; William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Čapková, Andrea. 2015. On adverbial English-French faux amis: A contrastive view of actually and actuellement. BA thesis, Praha, Czechia.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Chen, Ying. 2010. “Zhēnde” de xū huà, yǔyán yánjiū [Grammaticalization of zhende]. Yǔyán yánjiū 30 (4). 62-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Dong, Xiufang. 2005. Yǔyì yǎnbiàn de guīlǜ xìng jí yǔyì yǎnbiàn zhōng bǎoliú yì sù de xuǎnzé [The regularity of semantic evolution and the selection of preserved sememes in semantic evolution]. In Yun Lu Wang (ed.), Hànyǔ shǐxué bào 5, 287-293.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fang, Qingming. 2012. Zài lùn “zhēn” yǔ “zhēn de” de yǔfǎ yìyì yǔ yǔ yòng gōngnéng, [Revisiting the grammatical meaning and pragmatic function of zhen and zhende]. Hànyǔ Xuéxí 5. 95-103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Grant, Anthony P. (ed.) 2020. The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Guo, Xiaolin. 2015. “Zhēnshi de” fùmiàn píngjià gōngnéng tànxī. [An analysis of the function of zhenshide negative evaluation]. Yǔyán Jiàoxué Yǔ Yánjiū 1. 97-104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Han, Zhizhou. 2016. “Zhēn de” de huàyǔ biāojì gōngnéng fēnxī [Functional analysis of the discourse marker zhende]. Cháng'ān Xuéshù 10. 182-190.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hancil, Sylvie. 2013. Introduction. In Sylvie Hancil &amp; Daniel Hirst (eds.), Prosody and iconicity, 1-31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Hansen, Maj-Britt Mosegaard. 1997. Alors and donc in spoken French: A reanalysis. Journal of Pragmatics 28. 153-187.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Haselow, Alexander. 2017. Spontaneous Spoken English. An Integrated Approach to the Emergent Grammar of Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd. 1997. Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi &amp; Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva &amp; Haiping Long. 2021. The Rise of Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd &amp; Tania Kuteva. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd &amp; Tania Kuteva. 2011. The areal dimension of grammaticalization. In Heiko Narrog &amp; Bernd Heine (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 291-301. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd, Tania Kuteva &amp; Gunther Kaltenböck. 2014. Discourse grammar, the dual process model, and brain lateralization: Some correlations. Language &amp; Cognition 6 (1). 146-180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Heine, Bernd, Tania Kuteva &amp; Haiping Long. 2020. Dual process frameworks on reasoning and linguistic discourse: A comparison. In Alexander Haselow &amp; Gunther Kaltenböck (eds.), Grammar and cognition: Dualistic models of language structure and language processing, 59-89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hopper, Paul J. 1991. On some principles of grammaticalization. In Elizabeth Traugott &amp; Bernd Heine (eds.), Approaches to grammaticalization, 2 vols. Vol. 1, 17-35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Jucker, Andreas H. 2002. Discourse markers in Early Modern English. In Richard Watts &amp; Peter Trudgill (eds.), Alternative histories of English, 210-230. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Jucker, Andreas H. 2015. Pragmatics of fiction: Literary uses of uh and um. Journal of Pragmatics 86. 63-67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Khammee, Kultida (2024). From objective to subjective and to intersubjective functions: The case of the Thai ‘truth’-lexeme. Russian Journal of Linguistics 28 (4). 942-965. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-40496</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kim, Stephanie Hyeri &amp; Sung-Ock S. Sohn. 2015. Grammar as an emergent response to interactional needs: A study of final kuntey ‘but’ in Korean conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 83. 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2015.04.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Kim, Taeho &amp; Seon-yeong Jeong. 2012. A corpus-based study of the truth-related words in Korean used as discourse markers. Cross-cultural Studies 29. 453-477.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Koo, Hyun Jung. 2009. Force dynamics as a variational factor: A case in Korean. LACUS Forum 33. 201-210.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Koo, Hyun Jung &amp; Seongha Rhee. 2013. On an emerging paradigm of sentence-final particles of discontent: A grammaticalization perspective. Language Sciences 37. 70-89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2012.07.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kuteva, Tania, Bernd Heine, Bo Hong, Haiping Long, Heiko Narrog &amp; Seongha Rhee. 2019. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Li, Jijun. 2003. “Zhēn” hé “zhēn de” lùn xī -jùfǎ, yǔyì, yǔ yòng gōngnéng jí qí yǔfǎ huà guòchéng hé jīzhì fēnxī [Analysis of zhen and zhende: Analysis of syntax, semantics, pragmatic functions and their grammaticalization process and mechanism]. MA thesis, Shanghai Normal University, China.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Li, Xianyin. 2015. Jīyú zìrán kǒuyǔ de huàyǔ fǒudìng biāojì “zhēnshi” yánjiū [Research on negative marking of discourse zhenshi, based on natural spoken language]. Yǔyán Jiàoxué Yǔ Yánjiū 3. 59-69.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Li, Xiaojun. 2011. Biǎo fùmiàn píngjià de yǔ yòng shěnglüè [Pragmatic ellipsis for negative evaluation]. Dāngdài Xiūcíxué 166. 35-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Liu, Chenyang. 2021. Hùdòng jiāojì zhōng “zhēn de” de huàyǔ biāojì gōngnéng [The discourse marker function of zhende in interactive communication]. Císhū Yánjiū 1. 111-120.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Long, Haiping, Feng Gu &amp; Xiaoping Xiao (translation), Bo Hong &amp; Feng Gu (annotation). 2012. Translations of World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Beijing: Beijing World Publishing Corp.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Mulder, Jean &amp; Sandra A. Thompson. 2008. The grammaticalization of but as a final particle in conversation. In Laury Ritva (ed.), Crosslinguistic studies of clause combining: The multifunctionality of conjunctions, 179-204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Müller, Simone. 2004. ‘Well you know that type of person’: Functions of well in the speech of American and German students. Journal of Pragmatics 36. 1157-1182.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Östman, Jan-Ola. 1981. You Know: A Discourse Functional Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha. 2020. On determinants of discourse marker functions: Grammaticalization and discourse-analytic perspectives. Linguistic Research 37 (2). 289-325. https://doi.org/10.17250/khisli.37.2.202006.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha. 2021. On grammaticalization of truthfulness-based emphatic discourse markers. In Fuxiang Wu, Yonglong Yang, Haiping Long (eds.), Grammaticalization and studies of Grammar 10. 461-499. Beijing: Commercial Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha. 2022. Where to go at the end: Polylexicalization and polygrammaticalization of kaz ‘edge’ in Korean Russian Journal of Linguistics 26 (3). 571-595. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30616</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Rhee, Seongha &amp; Hyun Jung Koo. 2021. On divergent paths and functions of 'background'-based discourse markers in Korean. In Alexander Haselow &amp; Sylvie Hancil (eds.), Studies at the Grammar-Discourse interface, 77-100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Schourup, Lawrence. 1999. Discourse markers. Lingua 107. 227-265.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Svartvik, Jan. 1980. ‘Well’ in conversation. In Sydney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech &amp; Jan Svartvik (eds.), Studies in English linguistics for Randolph Quirk, 167-177. London: Longman.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Sweetser, Eve E. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2022. Discourse Structuring Markers in English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Traugott, Elizabeth Closs &amp; Richard B. Dasher. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Wang, Yuanyuan. 2010. Xiàndài hànyǔ zhōng “zhēnshi” de gōngnéng fēnxī [The functional analysis of zhenshi in Modern Chinese]. Xiàndài Yǔwén 29. 27-29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson, Deirdre. 2011. The conceptual-procedural distinction: Past, present and future. In Victoria Escandell-Vidal, Manuel Leonetti &amp; Aoife Ahern (eds.), Procedural meaning: Problems and perspectives, 3-31. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Yan, Hongju. 2006. Huàyǔ biāojì de zhǔguān xìng hé yǔfǎ huà [The subjectivity and grammaticalization of discourse markers]. Húnán Kējì Dàxué Xuébào 9. 80-85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang, Yisheng. 2004. Xiàndài Hànyǔ Fùcí Tànsuǒ [Exploration of Adverbs in Modern Chinese]. Xuélín Publishing.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
