<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">40914</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-36282</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XRMONI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Informality in academic English texts by Arabic and British scholars: A corpus study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неформальность в академическом английском в текстах арабских и британских ученых: корпусное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9791-0905</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mohammed</surname><given-names>Abuelgasim S. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мохаммед</surname><given-names>Абуэльгасим C.Э.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of Applied Linguistics at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia with 30 years teaching experience. His research interests include Applied Linguistics, English for Specific Purposes, English for Academic Purposes, materials design and corpus linguistics.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры прикладной лингвистики в Университете принца Саттама бин Абдулазиза, Саудовская Аравия. Имеет 30-летний опыт преподавания. В сферу его научных интересов входят прикладная лингвистика, английский для специальных целей, дизайн материалов и корпусная лингвистика.</p></bio><email>ab.ibrahim@psau.edu.sa</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-2818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sanosi</surname><given-names>Abdulaziz B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саноси</surname><given-names>Абдулазиз Б.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>lecturer at the Department of English Language at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia. He teaches applied and theoretical linguistics courses. He is also a certified eLearning trainer and frequently provides training on eLearning applications and tools. His research interests include Corpus Linguistics, Discourse Analysis and Computer Assisted Language Learning.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель кафедры английского языка в Университете принца Саттама бин Абдулазиза, Саудовская Аравии. Преподает прикладную и теоретическую лингвистику, проводит тренинги по приложениям и инструментам электронного обучения. Его научные интересы включают корпусную лингвистику, анализ дискурса и компьютерное обучение иностранным языкам.</p></bio><email>a.assanosi@psau.edu.sa</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">College of Science &amp; Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Колледж естественных и гуманитарных наук, Университет принца Саттама бин Абдулазиза</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 28, NO3 (2024)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 28, №3 (2024)</issue-title><fpage>633</fpage><lpage>654</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-05"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Mohammed A.S., Sanosi A.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Мохаммед А.C., Саноси А.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Mohammed A., Sanosi A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mohammed A.S., Sanosi A.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мохаммед А.C., Саноси А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Mohammed A., Sanosi A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/40914">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/40914</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">There has long been a widespread belief that academic writing has to maintain a high degree of formality and impersonality. Despite this, it has been observed that there is a general tendency to use informal style in academic writing by writers from different disciplines. This informality manifests itself in the use of various linguistic devices that were previously observed only in spoken discourse or in informal communication. The aim of the study is to identify common informal features in English academic writing used by Arabic and British scholars and compare the level of informality used in English academic writing by representatives of the two lingua-cultures. The study adopts the corpus linguistics method. The one-million-word Arab Scholar Written English Corpus (ASAWEC) was compiled and analysed for informality features. The results were then compared to the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus. We focused on the use of informal features, such as broad references, initial conjunctions, first-person singular, second person pronouns, final preposition, listing expressions, split infinitive, and contractions. The results revealed a significant difference in the use of informality features in favour of the native speakers. The findings showed that Arabic scholars tend to use broad references and initial conjunctions, however, they rarely use contractions and split infinitives. Contrary to this, British scholars used the whole spectrum of informality features. The findings can provide insightful implications for researchers, journal editors and peer reviewers to account for informality levels in academic writing in different linguacultures. They may also be used in teaching English academic writing.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Долгое время существовало распространенное мнение, что академическое письмо должно поддерживать высокий уровень формальности и безличности. Несмотря на это, было замечено, что существует универсальная тенденция к использованию неформального стиля в академическом письме авторами, представляющими различные научные дисциплины. Неформальность проявляется в использовании ряда языковых средств, которые ранее встречались только в разговорной речи или в неформальном общении. Цель данного исследования - выявить общие черты неформальности, используемые арабскими и британскими учеными в академическом английском, и сравнить уровень неформальности, допускаемый в английском академическом письме представителями двух лингвокультур. В исследовании использован метод корпусной лингвистики. Был составлен и проанализирован на предмет выявления неформальных черт корпус арабского письменного английского (ASAWEC) объемом в один миллион слов. Далее результаты сравнивались с корпусом британского академического письменного английского (BAWE). Мы исследовали использование таких неформальных черт, как широкая отсылка, начальные союзы, местоимения первого лица единственного числа, местоимения второго лица, конечный предлог, перечислительные выражения, расщепленный инфинитив и сокращения. Наши результаты показали значительную разницу в использовании черт неформальности в пользу носителей английского языка. Они показали, что арабские ученые склонны использовать широкую отсылку и начальные союзы, но они редко используют сокращения и расщепленные инфинитивы, в то время как британские ученые используют весь спектр показателей неформальности. Полученные результаты могут быть полезными для исследователей академического дискурса, редакторов журналов и рецензентов, которые должны учитывать уровень неформальности в академическом письме, допускаемый представителями различных лингвокультур, также они могут использоваться при обучении английскому академическому письму.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>academic English</kwd><kwd>academic writing</kwd><kwd>informality features</kwd><kwd>corpus linguistics</kwd><kwd>Arabic English</kwd><kwd>British English</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>академический английский</kwd><kwd>академическое письмо</kwd><kwd>черты неформальности</kwd><kwd>корпусная лингвистика</kwd><kwd>арабский английский</kwd><kwd>британский английский</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study is supported by funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University (project&#13;
number PSAU/2023/R/1444).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adel, Annelie. 2008. Metadiscourse across three varieties of English: American, British, and advanced learner English. In Connor Ulla, Ed Nagelhout &amp; William Rozycki (eds), Contrastive Rrhetoric: Reaching to intercultural rhetoric. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Adel, Annelie &amp; Britt Emran. 2012. Recurrent word combinations in academic writing by native and non-native speakers of English: A lexical bundles approach. English for Specific Purposes 31 (2). 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.08.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Alipour, Mohammad &amp; Musa Nooreddinmoosa. 2018. Informality in applied linguistics research articles: Comparing native and non-native writings. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 4 (2). 349-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.32601/ejal.464196</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Atkins, Sue, Clear Jeremy &amp; Ostler Nicholas. 1992. Corpus design criteria. Literary and Linguistic Computing 7 (1). 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/7.1.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bennett, Karen. 2009. English academic style manuals: A survey. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 8 (1). 43 -54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2008.12.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation Across Speech and Writing. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Boginskaya, Olga. 2023. Interactional metadiscourse markers in English research article abstracts written by non-native authors: A corpus-based contrastive study. Ikala 28 (1). 139-154. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.v28n1a08</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Boginskaya, Olga. 2022. Functional categories of hedges: A diachronic study of Russian research article abstracts. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26 (3). 645-667. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chang, Yu -Ying &amp; John Swales. 1999. Informal elements in English academic writing: Threats or opportunities for advanced non-native speakers? In Christofer Candlin &amp; Ken Hyland (eds.), Writing: Texts, processes and practices. London: Longman.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Ebrahimi, Seyed Foad &amp; Seyed Aqil. 2019. Features of informality in applied linguistics research articles published in Iranian local journals. Romanian Journal of English Studies 16. 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2019-0017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Fendri, Emna &amp; Mounir Triki. 2022. The negotiation of authorial persona</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>in dissertations literature review and discussion sections. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26 (1). 51-73. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-27620</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert, G. Nigle &amp; Mulkay Micheal. 1984. Opening Pandora’s Box: A Sociological Analysis of Scientific Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Heylighen, Francis &amp; Jean-Marc Dewaele. 1999. Formality of Language: Definition, Measurement, and Behavioural Determinants. Internal Report, Center ‘Leo Apostel’, Free University of Brussels.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hyland, Ken. 2001. Humble servants of the discipline? Self-mention in research articles. English for Specific Purposes 20 (3). 207-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(00)00012-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hyland, Ken. 2005a. Metadiscourse. Amsterdam: Continuum.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hyland, Ken. 2005b. Stance and engagement: A model of interaction in academic discourse. Discourse Studies 7 (2). 173-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605050365</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hyland, Ken &amp; Feng Jiang. 2017. Is academic writing becoming more informal? English for Specific Purposes 45. 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2016.09.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Hyland, Ken &amp; Jiang Feng. 2019. Academic Discourse and Global Publishing. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lee, Joseph B. &amp; James D. Maxwell. 2019. Breaking the rules? A corpus-based comparison of informal features in L1 and L2 undergraduate student writing. System 80. 143-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.11.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kuhi, Davud, Sharghinezhad Behuaz &amp; Rezaei Shirin. 2020. Informality in academic discourse: A cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary investigation. The Asian ESP Journal 16 (3). 180-1208.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Leedham, Maria. 2015. Chinese Students’ Writing in English: Implications from a Corpus-driven Study. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Mair, Christian. 1990. Corpora and the study of the major varieties of English: Issues and results. In Hans Lindquist, Staffan Klintbrog, Magnus Levin &amp; Maria Estling (eds), The major varieties of English: Papers from MAVEN 97, Växjö. Växjö: Edman and Westerlunds Tryckeri.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Matsuda, Paul K. &amp; Nouri Melika. 2020. Informal writing and language learning. In Mark Dressman &amp; William R. Randall (eds), The handbook of informal language learning. London: John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>McEnery, Tony &amp; Andrew Hardie. 2012. Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Poole, Robert. 2018. A Guide to Using Corpora for English Language Learners. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Praminatih, Gusti A., Deny A. Kwary &amp; Viqi Ardaniah. 2018. Is EFL students’ academic writing becoming more. Journal of World Languages 5 (2). 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/21698252.2019.1570664</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Richter, Kenneth G., Behruz L. Gaskaree &amp;Milad Mirzai. 2022. A functional analysis of lexical bundles in the discussion sections of applied linguistics research articles: A Cross-paradigm Study. Russian Journal of Linguistics 26 (3). 625-644. https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-27752</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Sanosi, Abdulaziz B. 2022. The use and development of lexical bundles in Arab EFL writing: A corpus-driven study. Journal of Language and Education 8 (2). 108-123. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2022.10826</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Seoane, Elena &amp; Lucia Loureiro-Porto. 2005. On the colloquialization of scientific British and American English. ESP Across Cultures 2. 106-118.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sholihah, Zaidatus. 2022. The use of informal language in academic writing</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>by the students of English Teacher Education. Department at Uin Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Surabaya, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University dissertation.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Strauss, Sausan. 1993. Why ‘this’ and ‘that’ are not complete without ‘it’. In Katharine Beals, Gina Cooke, David Kathman, Sotaro Kita, Karl-Eric McCullough &amp; David Testen (eds), CLS 29: Proceedings of the 29th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Swales, John M. 2005. Attended and unattended ‘this’ in academic writing: A long and unfinished story. ESP Malaysia 11. 1-15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Swales, John &amp; Christine B. Feak. 2012. Academic Writing for Graduate Students: A Course for Non-native Speakers (3 Ed.). Michigan: University of Michigan Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Tocalo, Abdul Wahid, Racman Shainah P., Guiamelon Kyla, Nicole Alibai &amp; Mama Bainrin M. 2022. Is Filipino ESL academic writing becoming more informal? PASAA Journal 64. 99-125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Tognini-Bonelli, Elena. 2001. Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Yang, Yiying &amp; Fan Pan. 2023. Informal features in English academic writing: Mismatch between prescriptive advice and actual practice. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 41 (2). 102-119. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2022.2088579</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
