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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36173</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-35817</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NAZBGA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cognitive complexity measures for educational texts: Empirical validation of linguistic parameters</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка когнитивной сложности учебных текстов: эмпирическая валидация лингвистических параметров</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-9607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kupriyanov</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куприянов</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Psychology and Associate Professor of the Department of Social Work, Pedagogy and Psychology at Kazan National Research Technological University; Chief Researcher of the “Text Analytics” Research Lab at the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication, Kazan Federal University (Kazan, Russia). His areas of research are psycholinguistics, pedagogy of higher education, social psychology and social work. He is the author of more than 120 research articles.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат психологических наук, доцент кафедры социальной работы, педагогики и психологии Казанского национального исследовательского технологического университета (Казань, Россия); старший научный сотрудник НИЛ «Текстовая аналитика» Института филологии и межкультурной коммуникации Казанского федерального университета. Сфера его научных исследований включает психолингвистику, педагогику высшей школы, социальную психологию и социальную работу. Он является автором более 120 научных публикаций.</p></bio><email>kroman1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8638-5119</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukach</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Букач</surname><given-names>Ольга Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Philology and Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Language Teaching at the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication, Kazan Federal University (Kazan, Russia). She is in charge of organizing and carrying out language testing procedures at the Institute, including but not limited to test construction, as well as using statistical methods for handling and analyzing the obtained data.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры теории и практики преподавания иностранных языков Института филологии и межкультурной коммуникации Казанского федерального университета (Казань, Россия). Она является руководителем проекта по внутреннему языковому тестированию в ИФМК КФУ; осуществляет отбор материалов для разрабатываемых тестов, занимается использованием статистических методов для обработки и анализа данных, полученных в результате проведения языковых тестирований.</p></bio><email>olga.bukach1987@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-4109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>Oksana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Оксана Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Philology and Associate Professor of the Department of General and Russian Linguistics at RUDN University (Moscow, Russia). Her areas of research are semantics, cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis. She is the author of more than 60 research articles</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филол. наук, доцент кафедры общего и русского языкознания филологического факультета РУДН, заместитель декана по научной работе. Область исследования - семантика, когнитивная лингвистика, дискурс-анализ. Является автором более 60 научных публикаций.</p></bio><email>alexandrova-oi@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan National Research Technological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский национальный исследовательский технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO3 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №3 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>641</fpage><lpage>662</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Kupriyanov R.V., Bukach O.V., Aleksandrova O.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Куприянов Р.В., Букач О.В., Александрова О.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2023, Kupriyanov R., Bukach O., Aleksandrova O.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kupriyanov R.V., Bukach O.V., Aleksandrova O.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куприянов Р.В., Букач О.В., Александрова О.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Kupriyanov R., Bukach O., Aleksandrova O.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/36173">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/36173</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents a study conducted within the framework of discourse complexology - an integral scientific domain that has united linguists, cognitive scientists, psychologists and programmers dealing with the problems of discourse complexity. The issue of cognitive complexity of texts is one of the central issues in discourse complexology. The paper presents the results of the study aimed to identify and empirically validate a list of educational texts’ complexity predictors. The study aims to identify discriminant linguistic parameters sufficient to assess cognitive complexity of educational texts. We view text cognitive complexity as a construct, based on the amount of presented information and the success of reader-text interactions. The idea behind the research is that text cognitive complexity notably increases across middle and high schools. The research dataset comprises eight biology textbooks with the total size of 219,319 tokens. Metrics of text linguistic features were estimated with the help of automatic analyzer RuLingva (rulingva.kpfu.ru). Linguistic and statistical analysis confirmed the hypothesis that text syntactic and lexical parameters are discriminative enough to classify different levels of cognitive complexity of educational texts used in middle and high schools. Text parameters that manifest variance in cognitive complexity include lexical diversity (TTR); local argument overlap; abstractness index; number of polysyllabic words, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level; number of nouns and number of adjectives per sentence. Empirical evidence indicates that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods of text complexity assessment. The research results can be implemented in the system of scientific and educational content expertise for Russian school textbooks. They can also be of some use in the development of educational resources and further research in the field of text complexity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В статье представлено исследование, проведенное в рамках дискурсивной комплексологии - интегрального научного направления, объединяющего лингвистов, когнитологов, психологов и программистов, которые занимаются проблемами сложности дискурса. Проблема когнитивной сложности текстов является одной из центральных в дискурсивной комплексологии. В работе показаны результаты исследования по выявлению и эмпирической валидации перечня предикторов сложности учебных текстов. Цель данного исследования - выявить дискриминантные лингвистические параметры, достаточные для установления уровня когнитивной сложности учебных текстов. Мы рассматриваем когнитивную сложность текста как конструкт, в основе которого лежит объем представленной информации и успешность взаимодействия читателя с текстом. В основе данного подхода - идея о том, что когнитивная сложность текста заметно возрастает в средних и старших классах общеобразовательной школы. Набор исследовательских данных включает восемь учебников по биологии общим размером 219 319 токенов. Метрики языковых особенностей текста оценивались с помощью автоматического анализатора RuLingva (rulingva.kpfu.ru). Лингвистический и статистический анализ подтвердил гипотезу о том, что синтаксические и лексические параметры текста достаточно различны, чтобы позволить классифицировать различные уровни когнитивной сложности учебных текстов, используемых в средней и старшей школе. Параметры, манифестирующие различия в когнитивной сложности, включают лексическое разнообразие (TTR), локальную связность, индекс абстрактности, количество многосложных слов и индекс Флеша-Кинкейда, количество существительных и количество прилагательных в предложении. Эмпирические данные показывают, что предлагаемый подход является более эффективным по сравнению с другими существующими методами оценки сложности текста. Результаты исследования могут быть внедрены в систему экспертизы научно-образовательного содержания российских школьных учебников. Они также могут быть полезны при разработке образовательных ресурсов и дальнейших исследованиях в области сложности текста.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>discourse complexology</kwd><kwd>cognitive complexity</kwd><kwd>text complexity</kwd><kwd>educational text</kwd><kwd>statistical analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дискурсивная коммплексология</kwd><kwd>когнитивная сложность</kwd><kwd>сложность текста</kwd><kwd>учебный текст</kwd><kwd>статистический анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030).&#13;
We would like to thank Konstantin R. Sheriyazdanov, student at Kazan Federal University, for his assistance in compiling the corpus of academic texts while conducting the research. This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Scientific Projects Grant System, project No 050738–0-000.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Andrews, Glenda &amp; Graeme S Halford. 2002. A cognitive complexity metric applied to cognitive development. Cognitive Psychology 45 (2). 153-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0285(02)00002-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Blake, J. Barry. 2001. Case (2nd ed., Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139164894</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bolbakov, Roman G. 2016. 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