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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32955</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-31597</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Meaning and function of Spanish formulemes and pragmatemes vs. illocutionary verbs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Значение и функции испанских формулем и прагматем в сравнении с иллокутивными глаголами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-4797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barrios Rodríguez</surname><given-names>María Auxiliadora</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барриос Родригес</surname><given-names>Мария Ауксилиадора</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of the Spanish Language Department at Universidad Complutense de Madrid</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры испанского языка Мадридского университета Компутенсе</p></bio><email>auxibarrios@filol.ucm.es</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Мадридский университет Комплутенсе</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">“Meaning ⇔ Text” Theory in the Linguistic Universe In honour of Igor MEL’ČUK</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Теория  «Смысл ⇔ Текст» в лингвистической вселенной К юбилею И.А. МЕЛЬЧУКА</issue-title><fpage>1031</fpage><lpage>1049</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Barrios Rodríguez M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Барриос Родригес М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Barrios Rodríguez M.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Barrios Rodríguez M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Барриос Родригес М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Barrios Rodríguez M.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/32955">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/32955</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">From the perspective of Pragmatics, some scholars claim that the taxonomy of illocutionary acts should be revised. The aim of this paper is to propose such a review by means of a research field in which Lexicography and Pragmatics overlap. As we attempt to prove, formulemes offer the advantage of being a narrower field of study than free utterances. Formulemes ( Have a nice day! ) have been defined within the Meaning Text-Theory as a type of cliché and Pragmatemes ( Happy birthday! ) as a type of formuleme more restricted by the extralinguistic situation (someone’s birthday). E-dictionaries require a formal method to express both the meaning and the function of formulemes, yet this lexicographic development may well elicit problems. Within Meaning-Text Theory pragmatemes have been formalized to date by Lexical Functions. However, we have observed that this tool is unsatisfactory for didactic purposes. Therefore, in the Spanish e-dictionary Diretes , we have attached each formuleme to one illocutionary verb that we call “Pragmatic Function” (such as to wish and to congratulate for the examples above). In order to identify whether a formalization by means of Pragmatic Functions could be both possible and successful, we have formalized more than two hundred formulemes (sixty of them pragmatemes). Although the project is in progress, up to now any kind of formuleme (being or not pragmateme) was successfully analyzed by means of thirty Pragmatic Functions created ad hoc . Pragmatic Functions could be useful not only for the formalization of formulemes and pragmatemes when teaching Spanish, but also to revise the list of illocutionary verbs from the perspective of Phraseology and Lexicography.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">С точки зрения прагматики некоторые ученые утверждают, что таксономию иллокутивных актов следует пересмотреть. Цель статьи - определить исследовательскую область пересечения лексикографии и прагматики, что может способствовать уточнению списка иллокутивных глаголов. Мы пытаемся доказать, что преимущество формулем как объектов исследования в том, что они являются более узкой областью исследования, нежели свободные высказывания. В теории «Смысл - Текст» формулемы ( Have a nice day! ) определяются как разновидность клише, а прагматемы ( Happy birthday! ) - как тип формулем, более ограниченных экстралингвистической ситуацией (чей-л. день рождения). Для электронных словарей требуется формальный метод выражения значения и функций формулем, однако их лексикографическая обработка может вызвать проблемы. На сегодняшний день в рамках теории «Смысл - Текст» прагматемы подвергались формализации на основе лексических функций. Однако мы полагаем, что этот инструмент не соответствует нашим дидактическим целям. В связи с этим в испанском электронном словаре Diretes мы присоединили к каждой формулеме один иллокутивный глагол, который мы называем «прагматической функцией» (например, to wish и to congratulate по отношению к вышеприведенным примерам). Чтобы определить, может ли формализация с помощью прагматической функции быть возможной и успешной, мы формализовали более двухсот формулем (их них шестьдесят прагматем). Хотя проект еще не завершен, каждая формулема (независимо от того, относится ли они к прагматемам) была успешно проанализирована с помощью тридцати прагматических функций, созданных ad hoc . Как мы пытаемся доказать, прагматические функции могут быть полезны не только для формализации формулем и прагматем при преподавании испанского языка, но и для пересмотра списка иллокутивных глаголов с точки зрения фразеологии и лексикографии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>E-lexicography</kwd><kwd>formulemes</kwd><kwd>illocutionary verbs</kwd><kwd>lexical functions</kwd><kwd>pragmatemes</kwd><kwd>pragmatic functions</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электронная лексикография</kwd><kwd>формулемы</kwd><kwd>иллокутивные глаголы</kwd><kwd>лексические функции</kwd><kwd>прагматемы</kwd><kwd>прагматические функции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out within the framework of the project DiRetEs (II) and was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2021-122894-NB-I00) and the FEDER Program (European Union).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Apresjan, Jury. 2018. 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