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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32951</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-30779</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Semantic decomposition of four Quranic words</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Семантическая декомпозиция четырех слов из Корана</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-0937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Durie</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьюри</surname><given-names>Марк</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Australian linguist, theologian and pastor. He is a Senior Research Fellow at the Arthur Jeffery Centre for the Study of Islam at Melbourne School of Theology, Founding Director of the Institute for Spiritual Awareness, and an Honorary Associate Professor at the Australian National University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>австралийский лингвист, богослов и пастор. Является Старшим научным сотрудником Центра им. Артура Джеффери по изучению ислама при Мельбурнской школе теологии, директором-основателем Института духовного самосознания при Австралийском национальном университете</p></bio><email>mdurie@jefferycentre.mst.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Australian National University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Австралийский национальный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">“Meaning ⇔ Text” Theory in the Linguistic Universe In honour of Igor MEL’ČUK</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Теория  «Смысл ⇔ Текст» в лингвистической вселенной К юбилею И.А. МЕЛЬЧУКА</issue-title><fpage>937</fpage><lpage>969</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Durie M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Дьюри М.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Durie M.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Durie M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дьюри М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Durie M.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/32951">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/32951</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">In this paper, the author proposes Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) semantic decompositions of four difficult-to-translate quranic Arabic words using Natural Semantic Metalanguage (Goddard &amp; Wierzbicka 2014, Wierzbicka 2021). This is the first study to propose an explicit semantic explication of these core Islamic lexical items, which are foundational for the spiritual worldview of the almost two billion followers of Islam in the world today. The first word considered is rasūl , which refers to intermediaries sent by Allah to humans and is used in the Quran alongside nabī , which has almost the same meaning. An NSM semantic explication of rasūl is contrasted with explications of biblical Hebrew nābā’ ‘prophesy’ and nabī’ ‘prophet’. In English translations of the Quran, rasūl is usually rendered as ‘messenger’ and nabī as ‘prophet’, yet these translations are misleadingly inadequate. Three further quranic concepts are examined, which have received the most diverse and unsatisfactory renderings in English translations of the Quran: shirk ‘association’ and kāfir ‘disbeliever’ refer to two dimensions of disbelief, and ittaqā , a difficult-to-translate verb, refers to cautious piety. The use of Natural Semantic Metalanguage overcomes the resistance of these terms to translation into English, by means of fine-grained semantic explications using semantic primes. These explications are designed to be readily accessible to speakers of languages other than English.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В статье предлагается использовать Естественный Семантический Метаязык (ЕСМ) (Goddard &amp; Wierzbicka 2014, Wierzbicka 2021) для семантической декомпозиции четырех трудных для перевода арабских слов из Корана. Это первое исследование, в котором предлагается экcплицитное семантическое толкование данных ключевых лексем, основополагающих для духовного мировоcприятия почти двух миллиардов последователей ислама в современном мире. Первое рассматриваемое слово - rasūl, называющее посредников, посланных к людям Аллахом, используется в Коране наряду с nabī , имеющим почти то же самое значение. Семантическое толкование лексемы rasūl противопоставляется толкованию библейского nābā’ ‘пророчество’ и nabī’ ‘пророк’. В английском переводе Корана rasūl обычно передается словом ‘messenger’, а nabī - ‘prophet’, однако оба этих перевода не являются адекватными и вводят в заблуждение. Далее анализируются три концепта из Корана, которые передаются различными способами, при этом ни один из них не может считаться удовлетворительным: shirk ‘association’ и kāfir ‘disbeliever’ относятся к двум аспектам неверия, а трудный для перевода глагол ittaqā обозначает ‘осторожное благочестие’. Использование Естественного Cемантического Метаязыка позволяет преодолеть сложности перевода данных лексем на английский язык с помощью их детального толкования с использованием семантических примитивов. Предназначение этих толкований - быть легкодоступными для носителей иных языков, кроме английского.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Quran</kwd><kwd>prophet</kwd><kwd>Natural Semantic Metalanguage</kwd><kwd>Islam</kwd><kwd>semantic prime</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Коран</kwd><kwd>пророк</kwd><kwd>Естественный Семантический Метаязык</kwd><kwd>ислам</kwd><kwd>семантический примитив</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adang, Camilla P. 2001. Belief and Unbelief. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 1. 218-226. Leiden: Brill.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 2015. An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions. Leiden: Brill.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. 1946. The Holy Qur’an: Translation and Commentary. 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