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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32950</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-31361</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">I and Thou: Universal human concepts present as words in all human languages</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Я и ты: универсальные концепты, существующие во всех языках мира</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6074-7865</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Wierzbicka</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вежбицкая</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics (Emerita) in the School of Literature, Languages, and Linguistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>известный лингвист, профессор (эмерит) Института литературы, языкoв и лингвистики</p></bio><email>anna.wierzbicka@anu.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Australian National University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Австралийский национальный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">“Meaning ⇔ Text” Theory in the Linguistic Universe In honour of Igor MEL’ČUK</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Теория  «Смысл ⇔ Текст» в лингвистической вселенной К юбилею И.А. МЕЛЬЧУКА</issue-title><fpage>908</fpage><lpage>936</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Вежбицкая А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вежбицкая А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/32950">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/32950</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">This paper argues that “YOU” and “I” (“I” and “THOU”) are fundamental elements of human thought, present as distinct words (or signs) in all human languages. I first developed this thesis in my 1976 article “In defense of YOU and ME” (and before that, introduced it in my 1972 book Semantic Primitives; cf. also my 2021 article “‘Semantic Primitives’, fifty years later”). Since then, it has been confirmed by wide-ranging cross-linguistic investigations conducted in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) framework. But neither the truth of this thesis nor its importance have become widely recognised in linguistics or anthropology. Influential scholars in both these fields continue to undermine the notion of the fundamental unity of humankind and to put total emphasis, instead, on the diversity of languages and cultures. As cross-linguistic investigations of the last fifty years show, however, despite the phenomenal diversity of human languages a shared “alphabet of human thoughts” was not just a figment of Leibniz’s imagination but a fitting metaphor for something real and immeasurably important. As the present article aims to show, “YOU” and “I” (“I” and “THOU”) are two twin cornerstones of this reality. To quote the entry on “Psychic unity of humankind” in the Encyclopedia of Anthropology, “Ineluctably, the idea [of a deep psychological unity of humankind] has ethical significance. For attempting to inform humans about what they are and what they have in common is not a neutral act” (Prono 2006). As the present article seeks to demonstrate (and as Martin Buber compellingly affirmed a century ago), “I” and “THOU” are an ineluctable part of who we are: how we think, how we speak and how we relate to others.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В статье высказывается идея о том, что «Вы» и «Я» («Я» и «Ты») - это базовые элементы человеческого мышления, которые присутствуют как отдельные слова (или знаки) во всех языках мира. Впервые это положение прозвучало в (Wierzbicka 1972, 1976, cм. также Wierzbicka 2022). С тех пор оно было неоднократно подтверждено разноплановыми кросс-лингвистическими исследованиями, проведенными в рамках Естественного Семантического Метаязыка (ЕСМ). Но справедливость этого положения и его значимость не были признаны ни в лингвистике, ни в антропологии. Влиятельные ученые, представляющие данные направления, продолжают подвергать сомнению фундаментальное единство человечества и вместо этого абсолютизируют разнообразие языков и культур. Однако, как показывают кросс-лингвистические исследования, проведенные в последние пятьдесят лет, несмотря на феноменальное разнообразие человеческих языков общий для них «алфавит человеческой мысли» - это не просто плод воображения Лейбница, а метафора, подходящая для чего-то реального и чрезвычайно важного. Цель настоящей статьи - показать, что «Вы» и «Я» («Я» и «Ты») - два краеугольных камня этой реальности. Как говорится в статье “Psychic unity of humankind” в «Энциклопедии антропологии» (Encyclopedia of Anthropology), “идея [глубинного психологического единства человечества] безусловно имеет этическую значимость. Поскольку показать людям их сущность и то, что их объединяет, - это не нейтральный акт» (Prono 2006). Как демонстрирует данная статья (и что убедительно доказано Мартином Бубером сто лет назад), «Я» и «ТЫ» - неотъемлемая часть того, кто мы есть: как мы мыслим, как мы говорим и как взаимодействуем с другими.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>semantic universals</kwd><kwd>universal semantic primes</kwd><kwd>Natural Semantic Metalanguage</kwd><kwd>the concepts of “I” and “THOU”</kwd><kwd>sign languages</kwd><kwd>psychic unity of humankind</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>семантические универсалии</kwd><kwd>универсальные семантические примитивы</kwd><kwd>Естественный Семантический Метаязык</kwd><kwd>понятия «Я» и «ТЫ»</kwd><kwd>жестовые языки</kwd><kwd>духовное единство человечества</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Apresjan, Jurij. 2000. On the Language of Explications and Semantic Primitives. In his Systematic Lexicography (Trans. K. Windle). 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