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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">31336</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-29475</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Russian dictionary with concreteness/abstractness indices</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Словарь русского языка с индексами конкретности/абстрактности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4692-2564</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>Valery D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>Валерий Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor Habil. of Physics and Mathematics, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Text Analytics Research Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Текстовая аналитика»</p></bio><email>maki.solovyev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-5864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volskaya</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вольская</surname><given-names>Юлия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Professor of the Department of Applied and Experimental Linguistics, and Junior Research Fellow of the Neurocognitive Research Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры прикладной и экспериментальной лингвистики, младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Нейрокогнитивные исследования»</p></bio><email>kovaleva95julia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-0934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>Mariia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Мария Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>holds a PhD degree in Philology and is Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Казанского государственного медицинского университета, младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Текстовая аналитика»</p></bio><email>lafruta@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-3176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaikin</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заикин</surname><given-names>Артем Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Physics and Mathematics and Associate Professor of the Department of Mathematical Statistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент кафедры математической статистики</p></bio><email>kaskrin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Computational Linguistics and Discourse Complexology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Компьютерная лингвистика и дискурсивная комплексология</issue-title><fpage>515</fpage><lpage>549</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-29"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Solovyev V.D., Volskaya Y.A., Andreeva M.I., Zaikin A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Соловьев В.Д., Вольская Ю.А., Андреева М.И., Заикин А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Solovyev V., Volskaya Y., Andreeva M., Zaikin A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Solovyev V.D., Volskaya Y.A., Andreeva M.I., Zaikin A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соловьев В.Д., Вольская Ю.А., Андреева М.И., Заикин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Solovyev V., Volskaya Y., Andreeva M., Zaikin A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/31336">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/31336</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The demand for a Russian dictionary with indices of abstractness/concreteness of words has been expressed in a number of areas including linguistics, psychology, neurophysiology and cognitive studies focused on imaging concepts in human cognitive systems. Although dictionaries of abstractness/concreteness were compiled for a number of languages, Russian has been recently viewed as an under-resourced language for the lack of one. The Laboratory of Quantitative Linguistics of Kazan Federal University has implemented two methods of compiling dictionaries of abstract/concrete words, i.e. respondents survey and extrapolation of human estimates with the help of an original computer program. In this article, we provide a detailed description of the methodology used for assessing abstractness/concreteness of words by native Russian respondents, as well as control algorithms validating the survey quality. The implementation of the methodology has enabled us to create a Russian dictionary (1500 words) with indices of concreteness/abstractness of words, including those missing in the Russian Semantic Dictionary by N.Yu. Shvedova (1998). We have also created three versions of a machine dictionary of abstractness/concreteness based on the extrapolation of the respondents' ratings. The third, most accurate version contains 22,000 words and has been compiled with the use of a modern deep learning technology of neural networks. The paper provides statistical characteristics (histograms of the distribution of ratings, dispersion, etc.) of both the machine dictionary and the dictionary obtained by interviewing informants. The quality of the machine dictionary was validated on a test set of words by means of contrasting machine and human evaluations with the latter viewed as more credible. The purpose of the paper is to give a detailed description of the methodology employed to create a concrete/abstract dictionary, as well as to demonstrate the methodology of its application in theoretical and applied research on concrete examples. The paper shows the practical use of this vocabulary in six case studies: predicting the complexity of school textbooks as a function of the share of abstract words; comparing abstractness indices of Russian-English equivalents; assessing concreteness/abstractness of polysemantic words; contrasting ratings of different age groups of respondents; contrasting ratings of respondents with different levels of education; analyzing concepts of "concreteness” and “specificity”.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Для целого ряда исследований в лингвистике, психологии, нейрофизиологии, посвященных репрезентации концептов в когнитивной системе человека, требуется словарь с численными оценками степени конкретности/абстрактности слов. Такие словари созданы для нескольких языков, но до последнего времени не было словаря для русского языка. В лаборатории квантитативной лингвистики Казанского федерального университета подготовлено несколько вариантов такого рода словаря для русского языка. При их создании использованы две методологии: опрос респондентов и разработка компьютерных программ для экстраполяции человеческих оценок. В статье подробно описана методология оценки абстрактности/ конкретности слов респондентами-носителями русского языка, а также способы контроля качества их ответов. Применение данной методологии позволило создать словарь русского языка (1500 слов) с указанием индексов конкретности/абстрактности слов, в том числе отсутствующих в Русском семантическом словаре Н.Ю. Шведовой (1998). В нашей лаборатории созданы также три версии машинного словаря абстрактности/конкретности, полученные экстраполяцией оценок респондентов. Последняя версия словаря (22 тыс. слов), составлена с применением современной технологии глубокого обучения нейронных сетей и является наиболее точной. Приведены статистические характеристики (гистограммы распределения оценок, дисперсия и др.) и машинного словаря, и словаря, полученного опросом информантов. Оценка качества машинного словаря осуществлена на тестовом множестве слов путем сопоставлением машинных оценок с человеческими. Цель данной статьи - дать подробное описание методологии создания словаря конкретности/абстрактности, а также на конкретных примерах продемонстрировать методику его применения в теоретических и прикладных исследованиях. В статье показано практическое использование данного словаря в шести конкретных исследованиях: определение сложности текстов по доле абстрактных слов (на примере школьных учебников), сравнение оценок слов и их переводных эквивалентов в английском языке, оценки конкретности/абстрактности многозначных слов, сравнение оценок разных возрастных групп респондентов, сравнение оценок респондентов с разным уровнем образования, сравнение концепций «конкретность» и «специфичность».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>concreteness</kwd><kwd>abstractness</kwd><kwd>digital dictionary</kwd><kwd>Russian</kwd><kwd>academic texts</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>конкретность</kwd><kwd>абстрактность</kwd><kwd>электронный словарь</kwd><kwd>русский язык</kwd><kwd>учебные тексты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств Программы стратегического академического лидерства Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Andreeva, Mariia, Marina Solnyshkina, Artem Zaikin, Olga Bukach &amp; Radif Zamaletdinov. 2020. 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