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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">30644</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-25686</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prices are rising, wages are falling: Argument structure of verbs denoting ‘increase’ and ‘decrease’ in the Russian language</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цены растут, зарплата падает: актантная структура глаголов увеличения и уменьшения в русском языке</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Apresjan</surname><given-names>Valentina Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Апресян</surname><given-names>Валентина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>holds a PhD in Linguistics from the University of Southern California. She is currently an Associate Professor at the School of Linguistics, Higher School of Economics (HSE University). She is also a leading researcher at the Sector for Theoretical Semantics, Vinogradov Russian Language Institute at the Russian Academy of Sciences. Her research interests fall within semantics and pragmatics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>имеет докторскую степень по лингвистике Университета Южной Калифорнии. В настоящее время является профессором Школы лингвистики НИУ ВШЭ и ведущим научным сотрудником cектора теоретической семантики Института русского языка им. Виноградова РАН.</p></bio><email>vapresyan@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Higher School of Economics (HSE University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт русского языка им. В. В. Виноградова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 26, NO1 (2022)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 26, №1 (2022)</issue-title><fpage>194</fpage><lpage>223</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Apresjan V.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Апресян В.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Apresjan V.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Apresjan V.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Апресян В.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Apresjan V.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/30644">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/30644</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Syntactic properties of verbs in their metaphorical meanings are often explained as inherited from direct meanings. Using Russian verbs denoting ‘increase’ and ‘decrease’ (‘grow’, ‘fall’, ‘lower’, etc.) as an example, we demonstrate that cognitive factors also influence syntactic properties of metaphorical meanings. The study is based on the data from the Russian National Corpus and RuSkell. We use collocation analysis to compare the semantic and syntactic properties of these verbs in their direct and figurative meanings. We show that in direct meanings their syntactic properties differ, while in figurative meanings they are considerably closer, which excludes inheritance as the primary defining factor. All the verbs have four semantic arguments with the same morphosyntactic realization: parameter (A1), initial value of parameter (A2), final value of parameter (A3) and difference (A4): Oil prices (A1) fell by fifty percent (A4), from one hundred dollars a barrel (A2) to fifty (A3). Frequency analysis reveals a disproportion in the implementation of syntactic arguments, namely, the expression of difference ( increase by fifty percent, decrease by ten times ) prevails over the expression of the initial and final values of the parameter ( increase from forty to one hundred points ). This predominance of the ‘difference’ argument is due to its cognitive advantages. Expressing difference is lexically more economical, while also more illustrative of the scale of the change: The Federal Tax Service has reported that tax collections have doubled . Theoretically, our research shows that semantic proximity alone does not guarantee syntactic homogeneity (for example, Russian synonyms slozhitʹ and pribavit’ ‘to add’ inherit different syntactic properties from their respective direct meanings): similarity of syntactic properties may have a cognitive foundation. Our practical outcome is a lexicographic template for ‘increase’ and ‘decrease’ verbs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Синтаксические свойства глаголов в метафорических значениях часто объясняются наследованием от прямого значения. В работе на примере русских глаголов увеличения и уменьшения ( вырасти, упасть, опуститься и др.) показывается, что в формировании синтаксических свойств метафорических значений важную роль играют когнитивные факторы. Исследование опирается на данные корпусов НКРЯ и RuSkell. Путем анализа коллокаций сравниваются семантические и синтаксические свойства рассматриваемых глаголов в прямом и переносном значениях. Показывается, что в прямых значениях их синтаксические свойства различаются, однако в переносном совпадают, что исключает наследование в качестве единственного определяющего фактора. Все глаголы имеют четыре семантических актанта с одинаковой морфосинтаксической реализацией: параметр (А1), исходное значение параметра (А2), конечное значение параметра (А3) и разница (А4): Цены на нефть (А1) упали &lt;опустились&gt; на пятьдесят процентов (А4), со ста долларов за баррель (А2) до пятидесяти (А3). Частотный анализ демонстрирует, что в реализации актантов имеется диспропорция: выражение разницы ( увеличиться на пятьдесят процентов, уменьшиться в десять раз ) преобладает над выражением начального и конечного значений параметра ( увеличиться с сорока до ста единиц ). Частотное доминирование актанта разницы обусловлено когнитивными преимуществами его выражения. Сообщение о разнице лексически более экономно, но при этом наглядно демонстрирует масштаб изменения: ФНС сообщила, что налоговые сборы выросли в два раза . Теоретическим результатом работы является демонстрация того, что семантическая близость слов в переносных значениях не гарантирует однородности их синтаксических свойств (например, синонимы сложить два числа и прибавить одно число к другому наследуют разные модели управления от прямых значений). Сходство синтаксических свойств может быть результатом воздействия когнитивных факторов. Практическим результатом исследования является основа для составления шаблона лексикографического описания глаголов двух рассмотренных классов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>syntactic argument</kwd><kwd>semantic argument</kwd><kwd>frequency</kwd><kwd>corpus</kwd><kwd>goal bias</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>семантический актант</kwd><kwd>синтаксический актант</kwd><kwd>частотность</kwd><kwd>корпус</kwd><kwd>принцип преобладания конечной точки над начальной</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках гранта Министерства науки и высшего образования № 075-15-2020-793 «Компьютерно-лингвистическая платформа нового поколения для цифровой документации русского языка: инфраструктура, ресурсы, научные&#13;
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