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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">29737</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-4-1071-1102</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comprehension of Ukrainian by Estonians via Russian: Structural and extra-linguistic aspects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Понимание украинского языка эстонцами через русский: структурные и экстралингвистические аспекты</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-2169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Branets</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бранец</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Linguistics, PhD Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр языкознания, аспирант</p></bio><email>anna.branets@ut.ee</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-0146</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Verschik</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вершик</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor of General Linguistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор общего языкознания</p></bio><email>annave@tlu.ee</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Tartu</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тартуский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tallinn University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Таллинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">The Russian Language Maintenance and Language Contacts of Post-Soviet Immigrants in Europe and Beyond</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Сохранение русского языка и языковые контакты постсоветских иммигрантов в Европе и за ее пределами</issue-title><fpage>1071</fpage><lpage>1102</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Branets A., Verschik A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Бранец А., Вершик А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Branets A., Verschik A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Branets A., Verschik A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бранец А., Вершик А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Branets A., Verschik A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/29737">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/29737</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">This study explores how people use and expand their linguistic resources in the situation when they have some proficiency in L2 and try to understand L3 that is related to L2. The focus of the study is on the comprehension of Ukrainian by Estonian L1 speakers via their proficiency in Russian (L2). This situation is labeled as mediated receptive multilingualism. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of cross-linguistic similarity (objective or perceived, in the terms of Ringbom 2007) and extra-linguistic predictors of success in comprehension. In addition to measuring the success rate, we pay attention to the participant's perspective. The experiment was conducted with 30 speakers of Estonian as L1 and included a questionnaire, C-test in Russian, three Ukrainian texts with different groups of tasks, and debriefing. In this article, we focus on the task of defining Ukrainian words from the text and on debriefing interviews. The results showed that similarity, perceived or objective, is not the only decisive factor in facilitating understanding. The participants’ explanations confirmed our previous findings that similarity, albeit important, is only partly responsible for successful comprehension. This became clear from the debriefing interviews. In many cases, the participants' choice was affected by a range of extra-linguistic factors: general knowledge, context, exposure to various registers of Russian, M-factor, meta-linguistic awareness, and learnability. In some instances, context and general knowledge outweighed similarity. These findings show how similarity worked together with extra-linguistic factors in facilitating successful comprehension in challenging multilingual settings.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В исследовании рассматривается, как люди используют и расширяют свои лингвистические ресурсы в ситуации, когда они владеют на некотором уровне вторым языком и пытаются понять третий язык, близкородственный второму языку. Основное внимание в исследовании уделяется пониманию украинского языка с помощью некоторого знания русского носителями эстонского как первого языка. Эта ситуация называется опосредованным рецептивным многоязычием. Целью данного исследования является изучение роли межъязыкового сходства (объективного или предполагаемого, в терминах Ringbom 2007) и экстралингвистических факторов для правильного понимания. Помимо измерения уровня успеха, мы анализируем точку зрения респондентов. Эксперимент был проведен с 30-ю носителями эстонского как первого языка и включал опросник, C-тест на знание русского языка, три украинских текста с различными группами заданий и интервью. В этой статье мы делаем акцент на группе заданий по определению значения украинских слов из текстов, а также на интервью. Результаты показали, что сходство, воспринимаемое или объективное, не является единственным решающим фактором, способствующим пониманию. Объяснения участников подтвердили наши предыдущие выводы о том, что сходство, хотя и играет важную роль, лишь частично отвечает за правильное понимание. Это выяснилось на основе интервью. Во многих случаях на выбор участников влиял ряд экстралингвистических факторов, таких как общие знания, контекст, знакомство с различными регистрами русского языка, фактор многоязычия (М-фактор), металингвистическая сознательность и обучаемость. В некоторых случаях контекст и общие знания перевешивали роль сходства. Результаты показывают, как сходство языков в совокупности с экстралингвистическими факторами способствуют успешному пониманию в сложных ситуациях многоязычия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mediated receptive multilingualism</kwd><kwd>comprehension</kwd><kwd>objective and perceived similarity</kwd><kwd>Ukrainian</kwd><kwd>Russian</kwd><kwd>Estonian</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опосредованное рецептивное многоязычие</kwd><kwd>понимание</kwd><kwd>объективное и предполагаемое сходство</kwd><kwd>украинский язык</kwd><kwd>русский язык</kwd><kwd>эстонский язык</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Backus, Ad. 2014. Towards a usage-based account of language change: Implications of contact linguistics for linguistic theory. In Robert Nicolaï (ed.), Questioning Language Contact: Limits of Contact, Contact at its Limits, 91-118. 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