<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">29730</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-4-908-930</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Does language transfer explain it all? The case of first language change in Russian-English bilinguals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Все ли объясняется интерференцией? Изменения в первом языке у русско-английских билингвов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2808-3277</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isurin</surname><given-names>Ludmila</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исурин</surname><given-names>Людмила</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор кафедры славянских и восточноевропейских языков и культур</p></bio><email>isurin.1@osu.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Ohio State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет штата Огайо</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">The Russian Language Maintenance and Language Contacts of Post-Soviet Immigrants in Europe and Beyond</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Сохранение русского языка и языковые контакты постсоветских иммигрантов в Европе и за ее пределами</issue-title><fpage>908</fpage><lpage>930</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-18"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Isurin L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Исурин Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Isurin L.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Isurin L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исурин Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Isurin L.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/29730">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/29730</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The present paper discusses findings from an empirical study looking into grammatical changes of Russian as the native language under the influence of English as a foreign language in a group of Russian-English bilinguals residing in the U.S. Twenty monolingual Russians and thirty Russian-English bilinguals participated in the study. All bilingual participants emigrated from Russia after their Russian language was fully acquired and had lived in the U.S. for 10-31 years prior to the time of the study. A semi-structured interview targeting autobiographical memories was employed as an elicitation technique. The analysis of narratives revealed distinctive changes in Russian in the two domains: word order and null subject use. The observed changes in the use of null pronominals suggested transfer from English. Bilinguals with more exposure to English used null pronominals less frequently. However, the directionality of effect in the use of the inverted word order by bilinguals was opposite to the predictions. Bilinguals with a very limited current exposure to Russian retained the inverted word order better than bilinguals with a broad exposure to Russian. Changes in the use of the inverted word order were partly attributed to the observed changes in the use of impersonal and existential sentences. The paper argues against cross-linguistic influence as the sole explanation of the first language changes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В данной статье обсуждаются результаты эмпирического исследования, посвященного изучению грамматических изменений русского языка как родного под влиянием английского языка в группе русско-английских билингвов, проживающих в США. В исследовании участвовало двадцать одноязычных русских и тридцать русско-английских билингвов. Все участники-билингвы эмигрировали из России после того, как их родной язык был полностью сформирован, и жили в США в течение 10-31 лет до времени проведения исследования. Для сбора материала использовалось полуструктурированное интервью, нацеленное на авто-биографические воспоминания. Анализ нарративов выявил отличительные изменения в русском языке билингвов в двух областях: в порядке слов и использовании нулевого подлежащего. Наблюдаемые изменения, касающиеся использования нулевого подлежащего, предполагают влияние английского языка. Билингвы с хорошим знанием английского языка реже используют нулевые местоимения. Однако результаты использования обратного порядка слов билингвами были противоположны предположениям. Билингвы с очень ограниченным влиянием родного языка сохранили обратный порядок слов в большей степени, чем билингвы, которые много общаются на русском языке. Изменения в использовании обратного порядка слов частично объясняются наблюдаемыми изменениями в использовании безличных и экзистенциальных предложений. Результаты исследования показывают, что межъязыковое влияние не может служить единственным объяснением изменений в родном языке билингвов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>L1 change</kwd><kwd>Russian-English bilinguals</kwd><kwd>transfer</kwd><kwd>null subjects</kwd><kwd>inverted word order</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>изменение первого языка</kwd><kwd>русско-английские билингвы</kwd><kwd>интерференция</kwd><kwd>нулевые подлежащие</kwd><kwd>обратный порядок слов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bosch, Jasmijn &amp; Sharon Unsworth. 2020. Cross-Linguistic Influence in Word Order: Effects of Age, Dominance and Surface Overlap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Broersma, Mirjam, Ludmila Isurin, Sybrine Bultena &amp; Kees de Bot. 2009. Triggered code-switching: Evidence from Dutch-English and Russian-English data. In Ludmila Isurin, Donald Winford &amp; Kees de Bot (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code Switching, 103-129. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Comrie, Bernard. 1979. Russian. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Languages and Their Status, 91-152. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Cook, Vivian. 2003. Introduction: The changing L1 in the L2 user’s mind. In Vivian Cook (ed.), Effects of the Second Language on the First, 1-18. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dubinina, Irina &amp; Maria Polinsky. 2013. Russian in the USA. In Michael Moser (ed.), Slavic Languages in Migration, 130-163.Wien: University of Vienna.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ellis, Rod. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Erdocia, Kepa &amp; Itziar Laka. 2018. Negative transfer effects on L2 word order processing. Frontiers in Psychology. March 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00337</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Fathman, Ann K. &amp; Veronica LoCoco. 1989. Word order contrasts and production in three target languages. In Hans W. Dechert &amp; Manfred Raupach (eds.), Transfer in Language Production, 159-170. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Franks, Steven. 1995. Parameters of Slavic Morphosyntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Gass, Susan M. &amp; Larry Selinker (eds.). 1983. Language Transfer in Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gass, Susan M. &amp; Larry Selinker. 2008. Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gürel, Ayşe. 2004. Selectivity in L2-induced L1 attrition: A psycholinguistic account. Journal of Neurolinguistics 17. 53-78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Harrison, Magdalena. 2010. Language transfer and beyond: Pro-drop, code-switching, and acquisition milestones in bilingual Polish-English children. Unpublished Dissertation. Columbus: The Ohio State University.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Isurin, Ludmila. 2005. Cross linguistic transfer in word order: Evidence from L1 forgetting and L2 acquisition. In James Cohen, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad &amp; Jeff MacSwan (eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, 1115-1130. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Isurin, Ludmila. 2011. Russian Diaspora: Culture, Identity, and Language Change. Berlin: De Gryuter.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Isurin, Ludmila, Donald Winford &amp; Kees de Bot (eds.). 2009. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code-Switching. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Jarvis, Scott &amp; Aneta Pavlenko. 2008. Crosslinguistic Influence in Language and Cognition. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Javadi-Safa, Azim. 2018. An overview of cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research 5 (3). 186-203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kellerman, Eric. 1995. Crosslinguistic influence: Transfer to nowhere? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 15. 125-150.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Klein, Wolfgang &amp; Clive Perdue. 1993. Utterance sentence. In Clive Perdue (ed.), Adult Language Acquisition: Cross-Linguistic Perspectives, 3-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kӧpke, Barbara &amp; Dobrinka Genevska-Hanke. 2018. First language attrition and dominance: Same same or different? Frontiers in Psychology. November 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01963</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Larsen-Freeman, Diane &amp; Michael Long. 1991. An Introduction to Second Language Research. London: Longman.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Levine, Glenn. 1996. Elderly second-generation speakers of Yiddish: Toward a model of L1 loss, incomplete L1 acquisition, competence and control. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 15 (1-2). 109-121.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Lindseth, Martina. 1998. Null-subject Properties of Slavic Languages: With Special Reference to Russian, Czech, and Serbian. Munchen: Verlag Otto Sagner.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Liu, Hua, Elizabeth Bates &amp; Ping Li. 1992. Sentence interpretation in bilingual speakers of English and Chinese. Applied Psycholinguistics 13. 451-484.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Marian, Viorica. 2009. Language interaction as a window into bilingual cognitive architecture. In Ludmila Isurin, Donald Winford &amp; Kees de Bot (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code-Switching, 161-188. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Marian, Viorica &amp; Margarita Kaushanskaya. 2007. Cross-linguistic transfer and borrowing in bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics 28. 369-390.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Merino, Barbara J. 1983. Language loss in bilingual Chicano children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 4. 277-294.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Odlin, Terence. 1989. Language Transfer: Cross-Linguistic Influence in Language Learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Odlin, Terence. 1990. Word-order transfer, metalinguistic awareness, and constraints on foreign language learning. In Bill van Patten &amp; James F. Lee (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, 95-117. Clevedon/ Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Odlin, Terence. 2009. Transfer and code-switching: Separate territories but common concerns on the boder. In Ludmila Isurin, Donald Winford &amp; Kees de Bot (eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code-Switching, 337-358. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Polinsky, Maria. 2006. Incomplete acquisition: American Russian. Journal of Slavic Linguistics 14 (2). 191-262.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Rutherford, William. 1983. Language typology and language transfer. In Susan Gass &amp; Larry Selinker (eds.), Language Transfer in Language Learning, 358-370. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Schaufeli, Anneli. 1996. Word order patterns in contact: Turkish in the Netherlands. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 15 (1-2). 153-169.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Schmid, Monica. 2004. Language attrition research: An annotated bibliography. In Monica Schmid, Barbara Kӧpke, Merel Keijzer &amp; Lina Weilemar (eds.), First Language Attrition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Methodological Issues, 317-349. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Seliger, Herbert. 1996. Primary language forgetting in the context of bilingualism. In William Ritchie &amp; Tej K. Bhatia (eds.), Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, 605-626. San Diego: Academic Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Seliger, Herbert &amp; Robert M. Vago. 1991. The study of first language forgetting: An overview. In Herbert Seliger &amp; Robert M. Vago (eds.), First Language Forgetting, 3-17. Cambridge: Cambridge University.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Selinker, Larry. 1992. Rediscovering Interlanguage. London: Longman.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Sharwood Smith, Michael. 1990. Input from within: Utrecht Research into cross-linguistic influence in formal language learning environments. In Hans W. Dechert (ed.), Current Trends in European Second Language Acquisition Research, 219-228. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Trevise, Anne. 1986. Is it transferable, topicalization? In Eric Kellerman &amp; Michael Sharwood Smith (eds.), Crosslinguistic Influence in Second Language Acquisition, 186-206. New York: Pergamon Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Zanoon, Nabeel Imhammed. 2016. The problem of universal grammar with multiple languages: Arabic, English, Russian as case study. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 7 (4). 255-260</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Zoble, Helmut. 1982. A direction for contrastive analysis. The comparative study of developmental sequences. TESOL Quarterly 16 (2). 183-196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Zoble, Helmut. 1986a. Word order typology, lexical government, and the prediction of multiple, graded effects in L2 word order. Language Learning 36. 159-83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Zoble, Helmut. 1986b. A functional approach to the attainability of typological targets in L2 acquisition. Second Language Studies 2. 16-32.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
