<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27483</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-767-788</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">“Never in my life have I heard such a load of absolute nonsense. Wtf.” Political satire on the handling of the COVID-19 crisis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Никогда в жизни я не слышал столько абсолютной бессмыслицы»: политическая сатира как способ преодоления кризиса COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9968-1162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponton</surname><given-names>Douglas M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понтон</surname><given-names>Дуглас Марк</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of English Language and Translation at the Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Catania. His research interests include political discourse analysis, ecolinguistics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, pragmatics and critical discourse studies. Recent publications include For Arguments Sake: Speaker Evaluation in Modern PoliticalDiscourse and Understanding Political Persuasion: Linguistic and Rhetorical Aspects. As well as politics, his research deals with a variety of social topics including tourism, the discourse of mediation, ecology, local dialect and folk traditions, including proverbs and the Blues.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор, профессор, преподаватель английского языка и перевода на кафедре политических и социальных наук в Катанийском университете (Италия). Сфера его научных интересов включает анализ политического дискурса, эколингвистику, социолингвистику, прикладную лингвистику, прагматику и критический дискурс-анализ. Его последние публикации: For Arguments Sake: Speaker Evaluation in Modern Political Discourse («Во имя аргументов: оценка оратора в современном политическом дискурсе») и Understanding Political Persuasion: Linguistic and Rhetorical Aspects («Способы убеждения в политике: лингвистические и риторические аспекты»). Наряду с политикой интересы Д.М. Понтона связаны с социальной тематикой: туризмом, дискурсом медиации, экологией, местными диалектами, народными традициями, пословицами и блюзом.</p></bio><email>dmponton@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Catania</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Катанийский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Emotionalisation of Media Discourse</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Emotionalisation of Media Discourse</issue-title><fpage>767</fpage><lpage>788</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Ponton D.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Понтон Д.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Ponton D.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ponton D.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Понтон Д.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Ponton D.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/27483">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/27483</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">This paper problematises political satire in a time when the COVID-19 virus has provoked numerous deaths worldwide, and had dramatic effects on social behaviour, on a scale unknown in western nations since World War II. Most populations have endured ‘lockdown’, periods of enforced domestic imprisonment, which led to images of the empty streets of big cities appearing in media, symbols of the drastic changes that the health emergency was making necessary. Yet, from the outset, comic memes began to circulate across (social) media, while in mainstream print media political satirists continued to lampoon official responses to the ongoing crisis. The paper thus aims to explore the connection of political satire and humour, asking two principle research questions: firstly, how to explain the humorous effects of these multimodal artefacts in such depressing circumstances; secondly, from a pragmatic perspective, to account for their overall socio-political function.The study uses memes taken from various online sources (Facebook, Twitter, Google) during the crisis, analysed according to a mixed approach that blends notions from Humour studies, especially incongruity (Morreall 2016), with insights from linguistic pragmatics (e.g. Kecskes 2014). The findings emphasise the emotional dimension of this form of satire, as the memes work against the backdrop of a range of feelings (anger, bitterness, disappointment, frustration, despair, etc.), many of which have been widely generated by the COVID-19 crisis and political responses to it. In short, to paraphrase Walter Benjamin (2008: 378), man may ‘run out of tears but not of laughter’. The findings contribute to our understanding of online satire as an emergent genre, one that uses the affordances of new media to extend the social potentialities of a traditional subversive discourse form.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В данной статье рассматривается жанр политической сатиры в период, когда по всему миру вирус COVID-19 унес жизни многих людей и оказал глубокое драматическое влияние на социальное поведение в обществе. Население многих стран пережило «самоизоляцию», периоды принудительного домашнего заключения. В средствах массовой коммуникации появились изображения пустых улиц больших городов, символы радикальных изменений, необходимых в связи с чрезвычайной ситуацией в области здравоохранения, и неизвестные в западных странах со времен Второй мировой войны. В этой ситуации в основных печатных СМИ политические сатирики продолжали высмеивать официальные ответы властей на затянувшийся кризис, а в социальных СМИ начали появляться комические мемы. Цель данной статьи - рассмотреть связь политической сатиры и юмора, попытаться объяснить юмористический эффект этих мультимодальных артефактов в таких удручающих обстоятельствах и с прагматической точки зрения определить их социально-политическую функцию. В исследовании используются мемы, взятые из различных онлайн-источников (Facebook, Twitter, Google) в период пандемии, которые были проанализированы с применением комплексной методологии, с использованием понятий из исследований юмора, особенно понятия несовместимости (Morreall 2016), и основных положений лингвистической прагматики (Kecskes 2014). Результаты подчеркивают эмоциональную сторону этой формы сатиры и показывают, что мемы работают на основе ряда чувств (гнев, горечь, разочарование, отчаяние и т. д.), многие из которых были вызваны кризисом COVID-19 и политическими ответами на него. Перефразируя Уолтера Бенджамина (2008: 378), можно заключить: у человека могут «кончиться слезы, но не смех». Полученные данные способствуют нашему пониманию онлайн-сатиры как жанра, который использует возможности новых медиа для расширения социального потенциала традиционной формы оппозиционного дискурса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>humour</kwd><kwd>political satire</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>satirical discourse</kwd><kwd>memes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>юмор</kwd><kwd>политическая сатира</kwd><kwd>онлайн-сатира</kwd><kwd>сатирический дискурс</kwd><kwd>мем</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Shaikh, Abdul-Rahim. 2007. Historiographies of laughter: Poetics of deformation in Palestinian political cartoon. Third Text 21 (1). 65-78</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2009. Language and the three spheres of Hip Hop. In Alim H. Samy, Awad Ibrahim &amp; Alastair Pennycook (eds.), Global Linguistic Flows Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language, 43-63. Abingdon/New York: Routledge</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Apter, David E. 2006. Politics as theatre: An alternative view of the rationalities of power. In Jeffrey C. Alexander, Bernhard Giesen &amp; Jason L. Mast (eds.), Social Performance, Symbolic Action, Cultural Pragmatics and Ritual, 218-257. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Attardo, Salvatore. 2019. Humor and mirth: Emotions, embodied cognition, and sustained humor. In Mackenzie J. Lachlan &amp; Laura Alba-Juez (eds.), Emotion in Discourse, 189-213. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bach, Kent. 2007. Regressions in pragmatics (and semantics). In Noel Burton-Roberts (ed.), Pragmatics (Advances in Linguistics), 22-44. Palgrave-Macmillan: Basingstoke.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bal, Anjali S., Leyland, Pitt, Pierre, Berthon &amp; Philip Des Autels. 2009. Caricatures, cartoons, spoofs and satires: Political brands as butt. Journal of Public Affairs 9. 229-237.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Belloc, Hilaire. 1979. Hilaire Belloc's Cautionary Tales. Boston: Gregg Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bell, Steve &amp; Eli Valley. 2013. Drawing truth to power: A conversation about cartoons between Steve Bell and Eli Valley. Jewish Quarterly 60 (1). 28-33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Benjamin, Walter. 2008. The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility, and other Writings on Media. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Billig, Michael. 2002. Freud and the language of humour. The Psychologist 15 (9). 452-455.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Brottman, Mikita. 2004. Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the Psychopathology of Humor. Hillsdale: Analytic Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Canestrari, Carla &amp; Ivana Bianchi. 2013. From perception of contraries to humorous incongruities. In Dynel, Marta (ed.), Developments in Linguistic Humour Theory, 3-25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Chafe, Wallace. 2007. The Importance of Not Being Earnest: The Feeling behind Laughter and Humor. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Dawkins, Richard. 1999. The Selfish Meme. Time International 11 April 1999. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,22988,00.html (accessed: 28 July 2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>De Sousa, Michael A. &amp; Martin J. Medhurst. 1982. Political Cartoons and American Culture: Significant Symbols of Campaign 1980. 8 (1), 84-97. https://repository.upenn.edu/svc/vol8/iss1/9 (accessed: 29 July 2020).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Dolitsky, Marlene. 1983. Humor and the unsaid. Journal of Pragmatics 7. 39-48</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Dynel, Marta. 2013. A view on humour theory. In Dynel, Marta (ed.), Developments in Linguistic Humour Theory, vii-xiv. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>El Maarouf, Moulay Driss, Taieb, Belghazi &amp; Farouk El Maarouf. 2020. COVID-19: A critical ontology of the present. Educational Philosophy and Theory 53 (1). 71-89. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2020.1757426 (accessed 29 July 2021)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Feldman, Lauren &amp; Donnagal G. Young. 2008. Late-night comedy as a gateway to traditional news: An analysis of time trends in news attention among late-night comedy viewers during the 2004 presidential primaries. Political Communication 25 (4). 401-422. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584600802427013 (accessed 29 July 2021)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ferrara, Emilio. 2015. Manipulation and abuse on social media. SIGWEB Newsletter (4). 1-9. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2749279.2749283, (accessed 29 July 2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ferrara, Emilio. 2020. What Types of COVID-19 Conspiracies are Populated by Twitter Bots? First Monday https://firstmonday.org/article/view/10633/9548, (accessed 29 July 2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Forabosco, Giovannantonio. 1992. Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. HUMOR. International Journal of Humor Research 5 (1). 45-68.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Fowler, Roger. 1991. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London/New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Freud, Sigmund. 1976. Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Garner, R. L. 2006. Humor in pedagogy: How ha-ha can lead to aha!. College Teaching 54 (1). 177-180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Gates, Bill. 2020. Responding to COVID-19-a once-in-a-century pandemic? New England Journal of Medicine 382. 1677-1679.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Gharpure, Radhika, Hunter Candis M., Schnall Amy H., Barrett Catherine E., Kirby Amy E., Kunz Jasen, Berling Kirsten, Mercante Jeffrey W., Murphy Jennifer L. &amp; Garcia-Williams Amanda G. 2020. Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for COVID-19 prevention - United States, May 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 69 (23). 705-709. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert, Daniel T., Romin W. Tafarodi, &amp; Patrick S. Malone. 1993. You can't not believe everything you read. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (2). 221-233.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Giora, Rachel. 1991. On the cognitive aspects of the joke. Journal of Pragmatics 16. 465-85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Goffman, Erving. 1961. Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Granville, Shannon. 2009. Downing Street's favourite soap opera: Evaluating the impact and influence of Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister. Contemporary British History 23 (3). 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/13619460903080135.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Grice, Paul. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, Mass./London: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Gruner, Charles R. 1965. An experimental study of satire as persuasion.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert, Daniel T., Romin W. Tafarodi &amp; Patrick S. Malone. 1993. You can't not believe everything you read. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (2). 221-233.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Gruner, Charles R. 1965. An experimental study of satire as persuasion. Speech Monographs. 32 (2). 149-153.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Halmari, Helena &amp; Tuija Virtanen. 2005. Persuasion Across Genres: A Linguistic Approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Hardy, Bruce W., Jeffrey A. Gottfried, Kenneth M. Winneg &amp; Kathleen H. Jamieson. 2014. Stephen Colbert’s civics lesson: How Colbert super PAC taught viewers about campaign finance. Mass Communication and Society (17). 329-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.891138.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Haslam, Alexander S., Penelope J. Oakes, Katherine J. Reynolds &amp; John C. Turner. 1999. Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (7). 809-818</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Haugh, Michael. 2010. Jocular mockery, (dis)affiliation, and face. Journal of Pragmatics 42. 2106-2119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Her, Minyoung. 2020. How is COVID-19 affecting South Korea? What is our current strategy? Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.69</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Hooley, Daniel M. 1997. Roman Satire. Malden/Oxford: Blackwell.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Jenkins, Henry, Sam Ford &amp; Joshua Green. 2013. Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. New York/London: New York University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Jensen, Minna S., Christina Neumayer &amp; Luca Rossi. 2018. Brussels will land on its feet like a cat: Motivations for memefying #Brusselslockdown. Information, Communication &amp; Society, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2018.1486866.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Kaplan, Robert M. &amp; Gregory C. Pascoe. 1977. Humorous lectures and humorous examples: Some effects upon comprehension and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology 69. 61-65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Kapogianni, Eleni. 2011. Irony via “surrealism”. In Marta Dynel (ed.), The Pragmatics of Humour across Discourse Domains. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Kayam, Orly. 2017. The readability and simplicity of Donald Trump’s language. Political Studies Review 16 (1). 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1478929917706844.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kearns, Kate. 2000. Implicature and language change. In Jef Verschueren, Jan-Ola Östman, Jan Blommaert &amp; Chris Bulcaen (eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics, 895-912. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Kecskes, Istvan. 2014. Intercultural Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Kecskes, Istvan. 2016. A dialogic approach to pragmatics. Russian Journal of Linguistics 20 (4). 26-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Kennedy, George A. 1994. A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Kimura, Doreen. 1976. The neural basis of language qua gesture. In Haiganoosh Whitaker &amp; Harry A. Whitaker (eds.), Studies in Neurolinguistics, 145-156. New York: Academic Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia &amp; Simon M. Lavis. 2017. Selecting serious or satirical, supporting or stirring news? Selective exposure to partisan versus mockery news online videos. Journal of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12271</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Kozintsev, Alexander. 2015. War propaganda and humour: World War II German, British, and Soviet cartoons. In Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska &amp; Dagnoslaw Demski (eds.), War Matters: Constructing Images of the Other (1930s to 1950s), 84-107. Paris: Editions l'Harmattan</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Krauss, Robert, Yihsiu M. Chen &amp; Purnima Chawla. 1996. Nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication: What do conversational hand gestures tell us? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 28. 389-450</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Lakoff, George. 1987. The death of dead metaphor. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 2 (2). 143-147.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Lakoff, George. 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Andrew Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Lakoff, George &amp; Mark Johnson. 2003 /1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Larina, Tatiana, Vladimir I. Ozumenko &amp; Douglas M. Ponton. 2020. Persuasion strategies in media discourse about Russia: Linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 15 (1). 3-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Latta, Robert. 1999. The Basic Humor Process: A Cognitive-Shift Theory and the Case Against Incongruity. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Marín-Arrese, Juana. 2008. Cognition and culture in political cartoons. Intercultural Pragmatics 5 (1). 1-18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Marín-Arrese, Juana. 2015. Political cartoon discourse. In Karen Tracy, Cornelia Ilie &amp; Todd Sandel (eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/browse/book/10.1002/9781118611463/title?startPage=&amp;alphabetRange=p (accessed: 1 May 2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Milner, Ryan M. 2013. Pop polyvocality: Internet memes, public participation, and the occupy Wall Street movement. International Journal of Communication 7 (34). 2357-2390</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Mitchell, Amy, Jeffrey Gottfried, Jocelyn Kiley &amp; Katarina A. Matsa. 2014. Political polarization and media habits. http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarizationmedia-habits/ (accessed: 1 May 2021)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Morreall, John. 1989. Enjoying incongruity. Humor 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1989.2.1.1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Morreall, John. 1983. Humor and emotion. American Philosophical Quarterly 20 (3). 297-304</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Morreall, John. 2016. Philosophy of Humor. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/humor/ (accessed: 29 July 2021)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Peniston-Bird, Corinna &amp; Penny Summerfield. 2001. 'Hey, you're dead!': The multiple uses of humour in representations of British national defence in the Second World War. Journal of European Studies 31. 413-435</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Plevriti, Vasiliki. 2013. Satirical user-generated memes as an effective source of political criticism, extending debate and enhancing civic engagement. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d0d9/474318b12c8ef519951f1ee93b27a655092b.pdf (accessed: 31 September 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Randolph, Haley E. &amp; Luis B. Barreiro. 2020. Herd immunity: Understanding COVID-19. Immunity 52 (5). 737-741</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Rappaport, Kim L. 1998. In the wake of Reno v. ACLU: The continued struggle in Western constitutional democracies with internet censorship and freedom of speech online. American University International Law Review 13 (3). 765-814</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Ritchie, Graeme. 2003. The Linguistic Analysis of Jokes. London: Routledge</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Rocklöv, Joacim (in press). COVID-19 healthcare demand and mortality in Sweden in response to non-pharmaceutical (NPIs) mitigation and suppression scenarios. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039594.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Rosen, Ralph. 2007. Making Mockery: The Poetics of Ancient Satire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Sangsuvan, Kitsuron. 2013. Balancing freedom of speech on the internet under international law. North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 39. 701-732.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1818/1844 [1907], The World as Will and Idea (Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung). Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Sclafani, Jennifer. 2017. Talking Donald Trump: A Sociolinguistic Study of Style, Metadiscourse, and Political Identity. London/New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Shifman, Limor. 2014. Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Simpson, Paul. 1998. Odd talk: studying discourses of incongruity. In Jonathan Culpeper, Mick Short &amp; Peter Verdonk (eds.), Exploring the Language of Drama: From Text to Context, 34-53. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Simpson, Paul. 2009. Humor: Stylistic approaches. In Jacob Mey (ed.), The Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics, 337-339. Amsterdam: Elsevier.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Street, John. 2001. It’s just for fun: Politics and entertainment. In John Street (ed.), Mass Media, Politics and Democracy, 60-80. London: Palgrave.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>van Leeuwen, Theo. 2008. Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>van Zoonen, Liesbet. 2005. Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Winter, Eugene. 1994. Clause relations as information structure: Two basic text structures in English. In Malcolm Coulthard (ed.), Advances in Written Text Analysis, 46-68. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Young, Malcolm. 1995. Black humour: making light of death. Policing and Society (5) 2. 151-167.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Young, Dannagal G. 2013. Entertainment, satire, and the big questions of our political world. In Robert W. Glover &amp; Daniel Tagliarina (eds.), Teaching Politics beyond the Book: Film, Texts, and New Media in the Classroom, 179-198. New York: Bloomsbury</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Ziv, Avner. 1988. Teaching and learning with humor: Experiment and replication. Journal of Experimental Education 6 (1). 37-44</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
