<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-611-627</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">“Stirring it up!” Emotionality in audience responses to political speeches</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эмоциональность в реакциях аудитории на выступления политиков</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4739-2892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bull</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булл</surname><given-names>Питер</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Honorary Professor in Psychology at the Universities of York and Salford (UK), and a Fellow of the British Psychological Society. His principal interest is the detailed microanalysis of interpersonal communication, especially political discourse. He has over 100 academic publications, principally concerned with this theme (e.g., Bull, P. (2003) The Microanalysis of Political Communication: Claptrap and Ambiguity, London: Psychology Press).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>получил степень PhD в Университете Эксетера, Великобритания. Почетный профессор психологии Йоркскго и Солфордскго университетов, а также член Британского психологического общества. Научные интересы - микроанализ межличностного общения, особенно в политическом дискурсе. Автор более 100 научных публикаций по данной теме.</p></bio><email>profpebull@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4679-7759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Waddle</surname><given-names>Maurice</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уоддл</surname><given-names>Морис</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>lectures in the Department of Psychology at the University of York, UK. His research focuses on political communication, particularly the phenomenon of ‘personalisation’. This includes personalised rhetoric used by politicians as a form of evasiveness in political interviews (‘playing the man, not the ball’) and personal attacks in UK Prime Minister’s Questions. He has publications in the Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Parliamentary Affairs, the Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, and the Journal of Social &amp; Political Psychology.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>имеет степень доктора, преподает на факультете психологии Йоркского университета. Его исследования сосредоточены на политической коммуникации, особенно на феномене персонализации, на персонализированной риторике, используемой политиками как форма уклончивости в политических интервью. Результаты его исследований опубликованы в высокорейтинговых международных журналах: Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Parliamentary Affairs, the Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, the Journal of Social &amp; Political Psychology</p></bio><email>maurice.waddle@york.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of York</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Йоркский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Salford</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Солфордский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Emotionalisation of Media Discourse</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Emotionalisation of Media Discourse</issue-title><fpage>611</fpage><lpage>627</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Bull P., Waddle M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Булл П., Уоддл М.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Bull P., Waddle M.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bull P., Waddle M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Булл П., Уоддл М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Bull P., Waddle M.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/27475">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/27475</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Speaker-audience interaction in political speeches has been conceptualised as a form of dialogue between speaker and audience. Of particular importance is research pioneered by Atkinson (e.g., 1983, 1984a, 1984b) on the analysis of rhetorical devices utilised by politicians to invite audience applause. Atkinson was not concerned with emotionalisation in political speech-making, rather with how applause was invited in relation to group identities through ingroup praise and/or outgroup derogation. However, his theory has provided important insights into how speakers invite audience responses, and a powerful stimulus for associated research. The purpose of this article is to address the shortfall of emotionalisation research within the realm of political speeches. We begin with an account of Atkinson’s influential theory of rhetoric, followed by a relevant critique. The focus then turns to our main aim, namely, how key findings from previous speech research can be interpreted in terms of emotionalisation. Specifically, the focus is on audience responses to the words of political speakers, and how different forms of response may reflect audience emotionality. It is proposed that both duration and frequency of invited affiliative audience responses may indicate more positive emotional audience responses, while uninvited interruptive audience applause and booing may provide notable clues to issues on which audiences have strong feelings. It is concluded that there is strong evidence that both invited and uninvited audience responses may provide important clues to emotionalisation - both positive and negative - in political speeches.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Взаимодействие спикера и аудитории в политических выступлениях концептуализируется как форма диалога между ними. Особое значение в этой связи имеют исследования Аткинсона (Atkinson 1983, 1984a, 1984b), который первым обратился к риторическим приемам, используемым политиками с целью получения аплодисментов аудитории. Аткинсона интересовала не столько эмоциональность в политических выступлениях, сколько способ получения аплодисментов в привязке к групповой идентичности, а именно через внутригрупповую похвалу и / или внегрупповое уничижение. Eго теория позволила понять, как выступающие вызывают отклик аудитории, и она послужила стимулом для дальнейших исследований в данной области. Цель статьи - восполнить недостаток исследований эмоционализации в политическом дискурсе. Мы остановимся на анализе теории риторики Аткинсона и отметим ряд ее недостатков. Затем перейдем к нашему главному вопросу, а именно - как результаты предыдущих исследований в области риторики могут быть интерпретированы с точки зрения эмоционализации. Основное внимание будет уделено реакции аудитории на слова политиков и тому, как различные формы ответа аудитории отражают ее эмоциональное состояние. Высказывается мнение, что как продолжительность, так и частота ожидаемых реакций аудитории могут указывать на более положительные эмоциональные отклики, в то время как случайные прерывистые аплодисменты и освистывание могут указывать на то, какие вопросы вызывают у аудитории неприятие и возмущение. Делается вывод, что как ожидаемые, так и неожидаемые реакции аудитории, положительные и отрицательные, могут быть свидетельством эмоционализации политических выступлений, и они дают ключ к пониманию этого процесса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oratory</kwd><kwd>political speeches</kwd><kwd>rhetorical devices</kwd><kwd>applause</kwd><kwd>laughter</kwd><kwd>cheering</kwd><kwd>chanting</kwd><kwd>booing</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ораторское искусство</kwd><kwd>политические выступления</kwd><kwd>риторические приемы</kwd><kwd>эмоционализация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1983. Two devices for generating audience approval: A comparative study of public discourse and text. In Konrad Ehlich &amp; Henk C. van Riemsdijk (eds.), Connectedness in Sentence, Discourse and Text, 199-236. Tilburg: Tilburg Papers in Linguistics</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1984a. Our Masters' Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics. London: Methuen</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1984b. Public speaking and audience responses: Some techniques for inviting applause. In J. Maxwell Atkinson &amp; John Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, 370-409. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1985. Refusing invited applause: Preliminary observations from a case study of charismatic oratory. In Teun A. van Dijk (eds.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Volume 3 Discourse and Dialogue, 161-181. London: Academic Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter. 2000. Do audiences applaud only ‘claptrap’ in political speeches? An analysis of invited and uninvited applause. Social Psychology Review 2. 32-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter. 2006. Invited and uninvited applause in political speeches. British Journal of Social Psychology 45. 563-578. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X55440</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter. 2016. Claps and claptrap: The analysis of speaker-audience interaction in political speeches. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 4 (1). 473-492. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i1.436</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter &amp; Ofer Feldman. 2011. Invitations to affiliative audience responses in Japanese political speeches. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 30. 158-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X10397151</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter &amp; Karolis Miskinis. 2015. Whipping it up! An analysis of audience responses to political rhetoric in speeches from the 2012 American presidential elections. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 34 (5). 521-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X14564466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter &amp; Merel Noordhuizen. 2000. The mistiming of applause in political speeches. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 19. 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X00019003001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bull, Peter &amp; Pam Wells. 2002. By invitation only? An analysis of invited and uninvited applause. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21. 230-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X02021003002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Clayman, Steven E. 1993. Booing: The anatomy of a disaffiliative response. American Sociological Review 58 (1). 110-130. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Duncan, Starkey &amp; Donald W. Fiske. 1985. Interaction Structure and Strategy. New York: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Feldman, Ofer &amp; Peter Bull. 2012. Understanding audience affiliation in response to political speeches in Japan. Language and Dialogue 2 (3). 375-397. https://doi.org/10.1075/ld.2.3.04fel</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Goode, Ewan J. K. &amp; Peter Bull. 2020. Time does tell: An analysis of observable audience responses from the 2016 American presidential campaigns. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 8 (1). 368-387. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i1.953</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Heritage, John &amp; David Greatbatch. 1986. Generating applause: A study of rhetoric and response at party political conferences. American Journal of Sociology 92 (1). 110-157. https://doi.org/10.1086/228465</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Iversen, Stine &amp; Peter Bull. 2016. Rhetorical devices and audience responses in Norwegian political speeches. Politics, Culture &amp; Socialization 7 (1-2). 97-118. https://doi.org/10.3224/pcs.v7i1-2.06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Jefferson, Gail. 1990. List-construction as a task and resource. In George Psathas (eds.), Interaction Competence, 63-92. Lanham: University Press of America.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ledoux, Sarah &amp; Peter Bull. 2017. Order in disorder: Audience responses and political rhetoric in speeches from the second round of the 2012 French presidential election. Pragmatics &amp; Society 8 (4). 520-541. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.4.03led</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>O’Gorman, Victoria &amp; Peter Bull. 2021. Applause invitations in political speeches: A comparison of two British party political leaders (Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn). Parliamentary Affairs 74 (2). 354-377. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Walker, Michael B. 1982. Smooth transitions in conversational turn-taking: Implications for theory. The Journal of Psychology 110. 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1982.9915322</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
