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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">26795</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-2-317-342</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">“Semantic Primitives”, fifty years later</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Семантические примитивы», пятьдесят лет спустя</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6074-7865</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Wierzbicka</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вежбицкая</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics (Emerita) in the School of Literature, Languages, and Linguistics at Australian National University. Her work spans a number of disciplines, including anthropology, psychology, cognitive science, philosophy and religious studies as well as linguistics, and has been published in many journals across all these disciplines. She has published over twenty books. Her latest book, “What Christians Believe: The story of God and people in Minimal English”, was published by Oxford University Press, New York in 2019. Professor Wierzbicka is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Australian Academy of Social Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is the winner of the International Dobrushin Prize for 2010 and of the Polish Science Foundation’s 2010 prize for the humanities and social sciences.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>известный лингвист, профессор (эмерит) Института литературы, языкoв и лингвистики Австралийского национального университета. Помимо лингвистики, ее научные интересы охватывают целый ряд дисциплин, включая антропологию, психологию, когнитологию, философию и религиоведение. Ею опубликовано большое количество статей в журналах по данным направлениям, а также более двадцати книг. Профессор Вежбицкая является членом Австралийской академии гуманитарных наук, Австралийской академии общественных наук, Российской академии наук, Польской академии знаний, лауреатом Международной премии им. Добрушина (2010) и премии Польского научного фонда (2010).</p></bio><email>anna.wierzbicka@anu.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Australian National University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Австралийский национальный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">QS Subject Focus Summit 2020 on Modern Languages and Linguistics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">QS саммит 2020 по предметным областям «Современные языки» и «Лингвистика»</issue-title><fpage>317</fpage><lpage>342</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Вежбицкая А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вежбицкая А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/26795">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/26795</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Are there any concepts that all human beings share? Three hundred years ago Leibniz was convinced that there are indeed such concepts and that they can be identified by trial and error. He called this hypothetical set “the alphabet of human thoughts”. Gradually, however, the idea faded from philosophical discourse and eventually it was largely forgotten. It was revived in the early 1960s by the Polish linguist Andrzej Bogusławski. A few years later it was taken up in my own work and in 1972 in my book “Semantic Primitives” a first hypothetical set of “universal semantic primitives” was actually proposed. It included 14 elements. Following my emigration to Australia more and more linguists joined the testing of the proposed set against an increasing range of languages and domains. As a result, from mid 1980s the set steadily grew. The expansion stopped in 2014, when the number stabilised at 65, and when Cliff Goddard and I reached the conclusion that this is the full set. This paper reviews the developments which have taken place over the last 50 years. It reaffirms our belief that we have identified, in full, the shared “alphabet of human thoughts”. It also examines the recurring claim that one of these primes, HAVE PARTS, is not universal. Further, the paper argues that there is not only a shared “alphabet of human thoughts” but a shared mental language, “Basic Human”, with a specifiable vocabulary and grammar. It points out that the stakes are high, because what is at issue is not only “the psychic unity of humankind” (Boas 1911) but also the possibility of a “universal human community of communication” (Apel 1972). The paper contends that “Basic Human” can provide a secure basis for a non-Anglocentric global discourse about questions that concern us all, such as global ethics, the earth and its future, and the health and well-being of all people on earth.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Существуют ли понятия, общие для всего человечества? Триста лет назад Лейбниц был убежден, что такие понятия есть и что их можно выявить методом проб и ошибок. Он называл этот гипотетический набор «алфавитом человеческого мышления». Однако постепенно эта идея забылась и исчезла из философского дискурса. В начале 60-х гг. ХХ в. ее вновь пробудил к жизни польский лингвист Анджей Богуславский. Через несколько лет я подхватила ее в своих исследованиях, а в 1972 г. предложила первый гипотетический набор «универсальных семантических примитивов» в своей книге “Semantic Primitives”. Он включал 14 элементов. После моей эмиграции в Австралию все больше и больше лингвистов стали присоединяться к проверке предложенного набора понятий на материале других языков и культур. В результате с середины 80-х гг. набор постоянно увеличивался. Рост его прекратился в 2014 г., когда количество понятий стабилизировалось, достигнув 65, и когда мы с Клиффом Годдардом пришли к выводу, что это полный набор. В данной статье содержится обзор теоретических работ за последние 50 лет. Он подтверждает наше убеждение, что мы в целом идентифицировали разделяемый разными культурами «алфавит человеческого мышления». В статье также рассматривается утверждение, что один из этих примитивов, ВКЛЮЧАТЬ ЧАСТИ, не универсален. Далее в статье высказывается мысль, что существует не только «алфавит человеческого мышления», но и общий ментальный язык - «Базовый человеческий», с определенным словарем и грамматикой. Это говорит о том, что ставки высоки, потому что речь идет не только о «психическом единстве человечества» (Boas 1911), но и возможности существования «универсального человеческого коммуникативного сообщества» (Apel 1972). В статье утверждается, что «Базовый человеческий язык» может стать надежной основой для неанглоцентричного глобального дискурса о проблемах, которые касаются нас всех, таких как глобальная этика, Земля и ее будущее, а также здоровье и благополучие всех людей на Земле.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Semantic primitive</kwd><kwd>Natural Semantic Metalanguage</kwd><kwd>Basic Human</kwd><kwd>alphabet of human thoughts</kwd><kwd>concept of PART</kwd><kwd>psychic unity of humankind</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>семантический примитив</kwd><kwd>Естественный Семантический Метаязык</kwd><kwd>базовый человеческий язык</kwd><kwd>алфавит человеческого мышления</kwd><kwd>концепт ЧАСТЬ</kwd><kwd>психическое единство человечества</kwd><kwd>глобальная этика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Apel, Karl-Otto. 1972. 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