<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25996</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-1-24-42</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">COVID-19 trending neologisms and word formation processes in English</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>COVID-19 как причина возникновения неологизмов и словообразовательных процессов в английском языке</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Salman</surname><given-names>Saleh</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Салман</surname><given-names>Салех</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics, former Dean and Chair of the English Department. He has been involved in the teaching of language, linguistics, and translation at the under-graduate and post-graduate levels. He received Fulbright and DAAD Research Fellowships in 1996 and 2002, respectively. He is a published writer and member of the editorial boards of specialized and refereed research journals. His research interests include theoretical and applied linguistics, semantics, pragmatics and translation studies.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор наук, профессор лингвистики, бывший декан и заведующий кафедрой английского языка. Преподает английский язык, лингвистику и перевод в бакалавриате, магистратуре и аспирантуре. В 1996 г. стал лауреатом стипендиальной программы Фулбрайта, а в 2002 г. - программы DAAD. Имеет публикации, является членом редакционных советов рецензируемых научных журналов. Его научные интересы включают теоретическую и прикладную лингвистику, семантику, прагматику и переводоведение.</p></bio><email>salehalsalman2000@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Haider</surname><given-names>Ahmad S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайдер</surname><given-names>Ахмад С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>received his PhD in Linguistics from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. His current research focuses on how political events are socially, discursively and linguistically represented in media combining Corpus Linguistics and (Critical) Discourse Analysis. His main areas of interest include corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, pragmatics and translation studies. Dr. Haider has built different large Arabic and English corpora. He professionally masters different Corpus Linguistic software packages.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>получил степень PhD в Кентерберийском университете, Новая Зеландия. В настоящее время занимается социальной, дискурсивной и лингвистической репрезентацией политических событий в средствах массовой информации. Основные сферы его научных интересов включают корпусную лингвистику, дискурс-анализ, прагматику и переводоведение. Является составителем обширных арабских и английских корпусов. Обладает профессиональным знанием различных пакетов программного обеспечения корпусной лингвистики.</p></bio><email>Ah_haider86@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Applied Science Private University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Частный университет прикладных наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 25, NO1 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 25, №1 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>24</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-22"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Al-Salman S., Haider A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Аль-Салман С., Хайдер А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Al-Salman S., Haider A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Al-Salman S., Haider A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аль-Салман С., Хайдер А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Al-Salman S., Haider A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/25996">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/25996</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The surge of new words and phrases accompanying the sudden COVID-19 outbreak has created new lexical and sociolinguistic changes that have become part of our lives. The emergence of COVID-19’s coinages has remarkably increased to establish a trending base of global neologisms. The present study attempts to investigate the nature of the new English words and expressions that emerged in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. It also identifies the type of word-formation processes that contributed to the emergence of these neologisms in the English language. The researchers compiled a corpus of 208 COVID-19-inspired neologisms from different sources, including social networking websites, search engines, blogs, and news articles. The analysis revealed that word-formation processes were so varied to cover all possible forms of derivation, including affixation, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, among others, along with dual word-formation processes, with compounding and blending being the most discrete. The findings showed that the flux of new terms demonstrates the creativity and vitality of the English language to respond to emerging situations in times of crisis. The study recommends that further research be carried out on the new terms that have been transferred to other languages as loanwords, loan-translations and loan-blends.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В период коронавирусной эпидемии в язык вошло множество неологизмов, связанных с COVID-19 и свидетельствующих о новых словообразовательных тенденциях. Цель настоящего исследования - рассмотреть природу новых слов и словосочетаний, возникших в английском языке в результате кризиса, связанного с пандемией. В процессе исследования выявляются типы словообразования, лежащие в основе этих неологизмов в английском языке. Авторами составлен корпус из 208 неологизмов, связанных с COVID-19, которые были собраны из различных интернет-источников: социальных сетей, поисковиков, блогов и новостных статей. Анализ показал, что в их основе лежат различные способы словообразования, включая аффиксацию, словосложение, контаминацию, усечение, акронимию, а также сложные словообразовательные модели, среди которых особо выделяется сочетание словосложения и контаминации. Результаты исследования показали, что поток новых лексем свидетельствует о креативности английского языка, его способности реагировать на кризисные ситуации. Перспективой исследования является анализ неологизмов, усвоенных другими языками в качестве заимствований, калек и гибридных образований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neologisms</kwd><kwd>language change</kwd><kwd>word-formation processes</kwd><kwd>English</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неологизм</kwd><kwd>языковые изменения</kwd><kwd>процессы словообразования</kwd><kwd>английский язык</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aitchison, Jean. 2001. Language change: Progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge university press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Akmajian, Adrian, Ann K. Farmer, Lee Bickmore, Richard A. Demers &amp; Robert M. Harnish. 2017. Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication. Cambridge: MIT press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bauer, Laurie. 2007. Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Becker, Alexandra. 2020. COVID-19 crisis catalog: A glossary of terms. Texas Medical Center. URL: https://www.tmc.edu/news/2020/05/covid-19-crisis-catalog-a-glossary-of-terms/ (accessed: 8 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bizhkenova, Aigul, Sagima Sultanbekova &amp; Assel Koshekova. 2017. Neologisms in present-day german: investigation into productivity of word formation types. Journal of Fundamental Applied Sciences 9 (7S). 982-96</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Burridge, Kate &amp; Alexander Bergs. 2016. Understanding language change. USA: Taylor &amp; Francis</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Crowe, Michael. 2020. Coronadodge,’ ‘isobar,’ and ‘zumped’: Linguist catalogues more than 1K words from pandemic. Companynews HQ. URL: https://www.companynewshq.com/ coronavirus-news/coronadodge-isobar-and-zumped-linguist-catalogues-more-than-1k-words-from-pandemic/ (accessed: 8 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Crystal, David. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 6edn. London: Blackwell Publishing</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Crystal, Davis. 2010. The Cambridge encyclopedia of language a dictionary of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Crystal, Davis. 2020. Cambridge Reflections-COVID-19: Vocabulary. Cambridgeblog. URL: http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2020/05/covocabulary/ (accessed: 8 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Durham, Gabrielle C. 2018. Back Formations and Neologisms. 3 Quarks Daily. URL: https://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2018/09/back-formations-and-neologisms.html (accessed: 12 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Haider, Ahmad S. &amp; Saleh Al-Salman. 2020. Dataset of Jordanian university students’ psychological health impacted by using e-learning tools during COVID-19. Data in Brief 32, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106104</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hamdan, H. &amp; S. Al-Salman. 2021. The Use of Arabic Neologisms in Social Media Applications. International Journal of Arabic-English Studies (IJAES) 21 (1). 45-60. DOI: 10.33806/ijaes2000.21.1.3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Hickey, Raymond. 2001. Language change. In Jan-Ola Östman &amp; Jef Verschueren (eds.), Handbook of pragmatics, 1-33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hundt, Marianne, Sandra Mollin &amp; Simone E. Pfenninger. 2017. The changing English language: Psycholinguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Khadgi, Ankit. 2020. Covid is changing everything, including everyday language. The kathmandu post. URL: https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2020/04/27/covid-is-changing-everything-including-everyday-language (accessed: 12 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lalić-Krstin, Gordana &amp; Nadežda Silaški. 2018. From Brexit to Bregret: An account of some Brexit-induced neologisms in English. English today 34 (2). 3-8. DOI: 10.1017/ S0266078417000530</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Lawson, Robert. 2020. Coronavirus has led to an explosion of new words and phrases - and that helps us cope. The Conversation: Academic rigour, journalistic flair. URL: https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-has-led-to-an-explosion-of-new-words-and-phrases-and-that-helps-us-cope-136909 (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Liu, Wei &amp; Wenyu Liu. 2014. Analysis on the Word-formation of English Netspeak Neologism. Journal of Arts Humanities 3 (12). 22-30. DOI: 10.18533/journal.v3i12.624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lu, Ning, Kai-Wen Cheng, Nafees Qamar, Kuo-Cherh Huang &amp; James A. Johnson. 2020. Weathering COVID-19 storm: Successful control measures of five Asian countries. American Journal of Infection Control 48 (7). 851-2. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.04.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>McMahon, April &amp; Robert McMahon. 2013. Evolutionary linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Muhvić-Dimanovski, Vesna 2004. New Concepts and New Words-How Do Languages Cope With the Problem of Neology? Collegium antropologicum 28 (1). 139-46</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Nordquist, Richard. 2019. The Definition of Borrowing Language. Thoughtco. URL: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-borrowing-language-1689176 (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Rao, Parupalli Srinivas. 2019. The Role of English as a Global Language. Research Journal of English 4 (1). 65-79</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ratih, Elisa &amp; Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian. 2018. Word Formation Processes in English New Words of Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online. Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature Linguistics 5 (2). 24-35. DOI: 10.22219/ celticumm.vol5.no2.24-35</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Romaine, Suzanne. 1983. Historical linguistics and language change: Progress or decay? Language in society 12 (2). 223-37. DOI: 10.1017/s0047404500009829</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Scott-Phillips, Thomas C. &amp; Simon Kirby. 2010. Language evolution in the laboratory. Trends in cognitive sciences 14 (9). 411-417. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ten Hacken, Pius &amp; Claire Thomas. 2013. The semantics of word formation and lexicalization. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Thorne, Tony. 2020. #CORONASPEAK - the language of Covid-19 goes viral - 2. Language and Innovation. URL: https://language-and-innovation.com/2020/04/15/coronaspeak-part-2-the-language-of-covid-19-goes-viral/ (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Yule, George. 2020. The study of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>CBC Radio. 2020. Covidiots? Quarantinis? Linguist explains how COVID-19 has infected our language. URL: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-april-22-2020-1.5540906/covidiots-quarantinis-linguist-explains-how-covid-19-has-infected-our-language-1.5540914 (accessed: 8 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Hollett, Viki. 2020. New English words and language change with COVID-19. Simple English Videos. URL: https://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/new-english-words-and-language-change-with-covid-19/ (accessed: 12 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Mahdawi, Arwa. 2020. From Covidiot to doomscrolling: how coronavirus is changing our language. The Guardian. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/ apr/15/from-covidiot-to-doomscrolling-how-coronavirus-is-changing-our-language (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Merriam-Webster. 2020. Coronavirus and the New Words We Added to the Dictionary in March 2020. Merriam-webster. URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/new-dictionary-words-coronavirus-covid-19 (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Oxford English Dictionary. 2020. Updates to the OED. Oxford English Dictionary. https://public.oed.com/updates/ (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Ro, Christine. 2020. From ‘covidiots’ to ‘quarantine and chill’, the pandemic has led to many terms that help people laugh and commiserate. BBC. URL: https://www.bbc.com/ worklife/article/20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus (accessed: 10 December 2020)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Roig-Marín, Amanda. 2020. English-based coroneologisms: A short survey of our Covid-19-related vocabulary. English Today First View, 1-3. DOI: 10.1017/S0266078420000255</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
