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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25995</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-1-7-23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Semantics in the time of coronavirus: “Virus”, “bacteria”, “germs”, “disease” and related concepts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Семантика во время коронавируса: “Virus”, “bacteria”, “germs”, “disease” и соотносимые понятия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goddard</surname><given-names>Cliff</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Годдард</surname><given-names>Клифф</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics at Griffith University and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities. He has published widely on semantics, ethnopragmatics and language description. His latest books are Ten Lectures on Natural Semantic Metalanguage (2018, Brill) and Minimal Languages in Action (2021, Palgrave).</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор лингвистики в Гриффитском университете (Австралия), член Австралийской гуманитарной академии, автор многочисленных трудов в области семантики, этнопрагматики и описания языка. Его новейшие публикации - монографии Ten Lectures on Natural Semantic Metalanguage («Десять лекций о Естественном Семантическом Метаязыке»), Brill, 2018 и Minimal Languages in Action («Минимальные языки в действии»), Palgrave, 2021.</p></bio><email>c.goddard@griffith.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Wierzbicka</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вежбицкая</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics (Emerita) in the School of Literature, Languages, and Linguistics at Australian National University. Her work spans a number of disciplines, including anthropology, psychology, cognitive science, philosophy and religious studies as well as linguistics, and has been published in many journals across all these disciplines. She has published over twenty books, including Emotions across Languages and Cultures. Professor Wierzbicka is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, the Australian Academy of Social Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is the winner of the International Dobrushin Prize for 2010 and of the Polish Science Foundation’s 2010 prize for the humanities and social sciences.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>известный лингвист, профессор (эмерит) Института литературы, языкoв и лингвистики Австралийского национального университета. Помимо лингвистики, ее научные интересы охватывают целый ряд дисциплин, включая антропологию, психологию, когнитологию, философию и религиоведение. Ею опубликовано большое количество статей в журналах по данным направлениям, а также более двадцати книг. Профессор Вежбицкая является членом Австралийской академии гуманитарных наук, Австралийской академии общественных наук, Российской академии наук, Польской академии знаний, лауреатом Международной премии им. Добрушина (2010) и премии Польского научного фонда (2010).</p></bio><email>anna.wierzbicka@anu.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Griffith University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Гриффитский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Australian National University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Австралийский национальный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 25, NO1 (2021)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 25, №1 (2021)</issue-title><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-22"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Goddard C., Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Годдард К., Вежбицкая А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Goddard C., Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Goddard C., Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Годдард К., Вежбицкая А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Goddard C., Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/25995">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/25995</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">This study proposes Natural Semantic Metalanguage semantic explications for the English words ‘virus’ (in two senses), ‘bacteria’, ‘germs’, and for the related words ‘sick’, ‘ill’, and ‘disease’. We concentrate on their “naïve” or “folk” meanings (Apresjan 1992) in everyday English, as opposed to scientific or semi-scientific meanings. In this way, the paper makes a start on uncovering the folk epidemiology embedded in the English lexicon. The semantics of words like ‘virus’, ‘bacteria’ and ‘germs’ is not, however, a purely academic matter. It is also a matter of effective health education and health communication. To reach people at a time of an epidemic, explanations need to connect with “ordinary people’s” ways of thinking and speaking. This paper argues that the simple and cross-translatable words of NSM, and minimal languages based on it, can be effective tools not only for linguistic semantics but also for education and communication everywhere - at the local school and in the world at large.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В работе предлагается семантическая экспликация английских слов ‘virus’ (в двух значениях), ‘bacteria’, ‘germs’ и соотносимых с ними слов ‘sick’, ‘ill’, ‘disease’ с позиций Естественного Семантического Метаязыка. Особое внимание уделяется их «наивным» или «народным» значениям (Апресян 1992) в бытовой английской речи в противовес научным или околонаучным значениям. Таким образом, в статье положено начало рассмотрению народной эпидемиологии, воплощенной в английский лексикон. Однако семантика таких слов, как ‘virus’, ‘bacteria’ и ‘germs’, относится не только к научной сфере. Она также касается эффективного образования и коммуникации в области здравоохранения. Чтобы «достучаться» до людей во время эпидемии, объяснения должны соответствовать образу мыслей обычных людей и способам их языкового выражения. В статье утверждается, что простые и легко переводимые слова Естественного Семантического Метаязыка, а также основанные на нем минимальные языки могут стать эффективными инструментами не только для лингвистической семантики, но и для образования, а также коммуникации в самом широком плане.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>virus</kwd><kwd>germs</kwd><kwd>bacteria</kwd><kwd>Natural Semantic Metalanguage</kwd><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>health communication</kwd><kwd>health education</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус</kwd><kwd>микробы</kwd><kwd>бактерии</kwd><kwd>Естественный Семантический Метаязык</kwd><kwd>коронавирус</kwd><kwd>коммуникация и образование в сфере здравоохранения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Apresjan, Juri D. 1992 [1974]. Lexical Semantics: User’s Guide to Contemporary Russian Vocabulary. Ann Arbor: Karoma. 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