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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24402</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-3-612-632</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The External-and-Internal-Forces Model applied to the Japan context</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Модель внешних и внутренних сил развития английского языка в применении к контексту Японии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>D’Angelo</surname><given-names>James</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Д’Анджело</surname><given-names>Джеймс</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. is Professor and Chair of the Global Liberal Studies Major</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D., профессор, зав. кафедрой глобальных либеральных исследований</p></bio><email>dangelo@lets.chukyo-u.ac.jp</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ike</surname><given-names>Saya</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Икэ</surname><given-names>Сая</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент</p></bio><email>saya@meijo-u.ac.jp</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chukyo University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Тюкё</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Meijo University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Мэйдзё</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">World Englishes in the Expanding Circle</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Варианты английского языка Расширяющегося круга</issue-title><fpage>612</fpage><lpage>632</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-08-19"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, D’Angelo J., Ike S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Д’Анджело Д., Икэ С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2020, D’Angelo J., Ike S.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">D’Angelo J., Ike S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Д’Анджело Д., Икэ С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">D’Angelo J., Ike S.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/24402">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/24402</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article considers the Buschfeld-Kautzsch ‘EIF’ (External and Internal Forces) model from the perspective of the Japan context. The model was developed as an enhancement to Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes, which is itself an enhancement of the Kachruvian World Englishes paradigm. The EIF is a flexible model that attempts to incorporate the linguistic, social, and historico-political development of English(es) in both postcolonial and non-postcolonial settings: thus addressing the main problem that variety development has heretofore not been systematically analyzed in Expanding Circle contexts. Hence our aim is to see if the EIF model can account for this development in Japan. We incorporate material and data from an eclectic range of historical and current sources. In the process, we consider the historical development of English in Japan from the Meiji Era to the present day, introduce the EIF model in some detail, and assess the usefulness of the model to help explain how English is growing and developing in Japan. The major findings of the article indicate that the EIF model is useful somewhat problematic, and only partly accounts for variety development of Japanese English. We conclude with some recommendations for improving the model through further testing, so it may become a more useful construct for identifying the process of ongoing variety development in non-postcolonial settings.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается модель «внешних и внутренних сил» (ВВС), выдвинутая С. Бушфельд и А. Кауцшем, в применении к контексту Японии. Эта модель является дальнейшей разработкой динамической модели постколониальных вариантов английского языка Э. Шнайдера, которая и сама является развитием теории вариантов английского языка Б. Качру. Она объединяет лингвистическую, социальную и историко-политическую составляющие развития вариантов английского языка как в постколониальном, так и непостколониальном контекстах. В статье обращается внимание на главную проблему, заключающуюся в том, что развитие вариантов в Расширяющемся круге еще не достаточно изучено в системном порядке. Наша цель состоит в том, чтобы посмотреть, можно ли применить модель ВВС для изучения развития варианта английского языка в Японии. Материалом исследования послужили различные исторические и современные источники. Наш обзор затрагивает историческое развитие английского языка в Японии начиная от эпохи Мэйдзи до настоящего времени, с применением модели ВВС; дается оценка целесообразности этой модели для объяснения того, как развивается и активизируется английский язык в современной Японии. Исследование показывает, что модель ВВС несколько проблематична и лишь частично подходит для объяснения особенностей развития японского варианта английского языка. Статья завершается рекомендациями того, как можно усовершенствовать модель путем ее дальнейшего тестирования, так чтобы она стала более приемлемым конструктом для идентификации процесса постоянно продолжающегося развития варианта английского языка в непостколониальном контексте.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Dynamic Model</kwd><kwd>non-Postcolonial Englishes</kwd><kwd>world Englishes</kwd><kwd>Japanese English</kwd><kwd>Expanding Circle</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>динамическая модель</kwd><kwd>непостколониальные варианты</kwd><kwd>варианты английского языка</kwd><kwd>японский вариант английского языка</kwd><kwd>Расширяющийся круг</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adachi, Masayuki. 2007. “International English” and English education in Japan. 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