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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24094</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-259-293</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Addressing God in European languages: Different meanings, different cultural attitudes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обращение к Богу в европейских языках: различные значения, различные культурные установки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Wierzbicka</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вежбицкая</surname><given-names>Анна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of Linguistics (Emerita) in the School of Literature, Languages, and Linguistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>известный лингвист, профессор (эмерит) Института литературы, языкoв и лингвистики</p></bio><email>anna.wierzbicka@anu.edu.au</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Australian National University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Австралийский национальный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Language, culture and ideology in discursive practices</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Язык, культура и идеология в дискурсивных практиках</issue-title><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>293</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Вежбицкая А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2020, Wierzbicka A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вежбицкая А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Wierzbicka A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/24094">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/24094</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>All European languages have a word for God, and this word means exactly the same in all of them. However, speakers of different European languages tend to relate to God in different ways. Each group has its own characteristic ways of addressing God, encoded in certain words, phrases and grammatical forms, which both reflect and shape the speakers’ habitual ways of thinking about God and relating to God. Often, they also reflect some other aspects of their cultural memory and historical experience. In this paper I will compare the meanings of the vocative expressions used for addressing God in several European languages, including “Gospodi” in Russian, “O God” in English, “Mon Dieu” in French, “Herr” in German, and “Boże” in Polish. But to compare those meanings, we need a common measure. I believe such a common measure is available in the “NSM” framework, from Natural Semantic Metalanguage (see e.g. Goddard and Wierzbicka, 2014; Wierzbicka 2014a and 2018a; Gladkova and Larina 2018a, b). The data is taken mainly from well-known works of literature, such as Lev Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina and Boris Pasternak’s poem “V bol’nice” (“In Hospital”) for Russian, Charles Peguy’s Le mystère de la charité de Jeanne d’Arc and its English translation by Julien Green for French and English, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s prison poems and Heinrich Böll’s novel Billard um halbzehn for German. The results have shown that each European language offers its users a range of options for addressing God. Some of these options are shared, others appear to be unique to the language. All are underpinned by broader historical phenomena. The exact nature of all these links remains to be investigated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Во всех европейских языках есть слово для обозначения Бога, и это слово имеет одинаковое значение. Тем не менее, носители разных европейских языков, как правило, обращаются к Богу по-разному. У каждой группы есть свои характерные способы обращения к Богу, закодированные в определенных словах, фразах и грамматических формах, которые отражают и формируют привычные способы мышления о Боге и отношение к Богу. Часто они также отражают некоторые другие аспекты культурной памяти и исторического опыта.Статья посвящена сопоставлению значений вокативных слов и фраз, используемых для обращения к Богу на нескольких европейских языках, включая «Господи» на русском языке, «O God» на английском языке, «Mon Dieu» на французском языке, «Herr» на немецком и «Boże» на польском. Для сравнения этих значений необходимо единое измерение. Есть все основания полагать, что в качестве такого измерения может быть использован Естественный Семантическмй Метаязык (NSM) (см., например, Goddard and Wierzbicka, 2014; Wierzbicka 2014a и 2018a; Gladkova and Larina 2018a, b и др.). Материал для исследования был взят в основном из известных литературных произведений, таких как роман Льва Толстого «Анна Каренина» и стихотворение Бориса Пастернака «В больнице» для русского языка, «Мистерия о милосердии Жанны Д’Арк» Шарля Пеги и ее английский перевод Жюльена Грина для французского и английского языков, тюремные стихи Дитриха Бонхеффера и роман Генриха Белля «Бильярд в половине десятого» для немецкого языка. Результаты показали, что каждый европейский язык предлагает своим пользователям различные варианты обращения к Богу. Некоторые из них являются общими, другие представляются уникальными для того или иного языка. Все они обусловлены более широким историческим контекстом, конкретное влияние которого еще предстоит изучить.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>God</kwd><kwd>terms of address</kwd><kwd>NSM Semantics</kwd><kwd>Natural Semantic Metalanguage</kwd><kwd>addressing God in different languages</kwd><kwd>Christianity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Бог</kwd><kwd>формы обращения</kwd><kwd>семантика языковых примитивов</kwd><kwd>Естественный Семантический Метаязык</kwd><kwd>обращение к Богу на различных языках</kwd><kwd>христианство</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Basinskij, Pavel. 2011. Begstvo iz raya [Escape from Paradise]. Moscow: Astrel’.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Berdyaev, Nikolaj. 1947. The Russian Idea (translated from the Russian by R.M. French). London: G. 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