Russian Journal of LinguisticsRussian Journal of LinguisticsRussian Journal of Linguistics2687-00882686-8024Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)1859110.22363/2312-9182-2018-22-2-338-356POLITICAL AND MEDIA DISCOURSEПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ И МЕДИАДИСКУРС政治新闻媒体话语Research ArticleDISCURSIVE MECHANISMS OF NEWS MEDIA - INVESTIGATING ATTRIBUTION AND ATTITUDINAL POSITIONINGДИСКУРСИВНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ СМИ: ТЕХНОЛОГИИ АТРИБУЦИИ И ПОЗИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯCAVALIEREFLAVIAКАВАЛЬЕРИФЛАВИЯAggregate Professor of English Language and Translation at the Department of Human Studies of the University of Naples Federico II. Research interests: Translation Studies, Аudio-Visual Translation, Cross-cultural Communication, Language and Media, Multilingualism, Critical Linguistics and (multimodal) Discourse Analysis, Appraisal Theory, English for Special (Academic) Purposes and the translation of scientific textsдоктор филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка и переводоведения, Неаполитанский университет имени Фридриха II. Сфера научных интересов: перевод и переводоведение, аудиовизуальный перевод, межкультурная коммуникация, язык СМИ, мультилингвизм, критический дискурс-анализfcavalie@unina.itUniversity of Naples Federico IIНеаполитанский университет имени Фридриха II15122018222VOL 22, NO2 (2018)ТОМ 22, №2 (2018)33835628052018Copyright ©; 2018, CAVALIERE F.Copyright ©; 2018, КАВАЛЬЕРИ Ф.Copyright ©; 2018, CAVALIERE F.2018CAVALIERE F.КАВАЛЬЕРИ Ф.CAVALIERE F.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/18591The case of 17-year-old Afro-American Trayvon Martin shot dead in 2012 by white neighborhood watch George Zimmerman is generally reported as the first killing of what over the last few years seemed an epidemic of lethal violence committed on mostly unarmed afro-American civilians which ignited other waves of protests and rioting across the whole country. Immediately after Martin’s fatal shooting the initial absence of charges against Mr. Zimmerman’s conduct, owing to a controversial self-defense law, prompted nationwide protest and unrest. An online petition calling for a prosecution of Zimmerman garnered over two million signatures; a process against Zimmerman was then started, though in 2013 his acquittal gave birth to the international activist movement #BlackLivesMatter on social media. All these events have since then resonated in the sensationalized reports of the media which «employ textual strategies which foreground the speech act of offering values and beliefs» (Fowler 2013: 209). Within Martin & White’s Appraisal Framework (2008) qualitative samples from the US print media coverage (The New York Times and Orlando Sentinel) of Trayvon Martin’s story are investigated. More specifically, our focus is mainly on attribution and evidentiality, i.e. on the interplay of directly-quoted or indirectly-reported speech that journalistic writers use to attribute viewpoints and versions of events to a variety of external sources, especially potentially controversial meanings largely confined to material attributed to quoted sources. We aim at providing a socio-critical interpretation of how the supposedly unbiased media narratives of ethnic affairs contributed to inflame racial passions, and, by funneling audience attention toward certain topics, influenced public perceptions of important issues.В 2012 году американский патрульный-волонтер Джордж Циммерман застрелил 17-летнего чернокожего подростка Трейвона Мартина. Это убийство продолжило цепочку трагических событий, связанных с нападениями на невооруженных афроамериканских граждан, вызвало массовую волну протестов, разговоров о проявлении расизма и чрезмерной свободе владельцев оружия в США. Первоначально власти не выдвинули обвинений против Джорджа Циммермана, ссылаясь на закон о применении оружия при самообороне, действующий на территории штата Флорида. Более двух миллионов американцев подписали онлайн-петицию с требованием справедливого правосудия и ареста Циммермана. Джордж Циммерман предстал перед судом, однако в 2013 году ему был вынесен оправдательный приговор. На вышеупомянутый вердикт резко отреагировали представители различных кругов американской общественности. В социальных сетях начало свое существование международное движение активистов, выступающих против насилия в отношении чернокожего населения с использованием хештега #BlackLivesMatter. «Дело Циммермана» продолжает широко освещаться в СМИ. Журналисты «используют речевые стратегии, выходящие за рамки речевых актов, отображающих ценности и убеждения» (Fowler, 2013: 209). В статье, в соответствии с теорией оценки Мартина и Уайта (2008) были исследованы качественные образцы американских печатных изданий (The New York Times и Orlando Sentinel), тем или иным образом рассказывающих историю Трейвона Мартина. Особое внимание при анализе текстов статей уделяется атрибуции и эвиденциальности (сочетание цитируемой и косвенной речи при описании событий, версий, мнений). Цель статьи: представить социально-критическую интерпретацию того, как предположительно непредвзятые сюжеты этнических споров способствуют разжиганию расовой неприязни и влияют на общественное восприятие данной проблемы.media coverageracial issuesattributionattitudinal positioningpublic perceptionосвещение в СМИрасовые проблемыатрибуцияпозиционированиеобщественное восприятие1.Abbamonte, L. (2012). Integrated Methodology for Emotion Talk in Socio-legal Exchanges. Politeness, Accommodation and Appraisal Insights. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.2.Adjei, P. B., & Gill, J. K. (2013). What has Barack Obama’s election victory got to do with race? A closer look at post-racial rhetoric and its implication for antiracism education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(1), 134-153.3.Babacan, H., Gopalkrishnan, N., & Babacan, A. (2009). Situating racism. The local, national and the global. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.4.Bhandaru, D. (2013). Is White Normativity Racist? Michel Foucault and Post-Civil Rights Racism. Polity, 45(2), 223-244.5.Bhatia, V., Candlin, C., Engberg, J. (2008). Legal Discourse across Cultures and Systems. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.6.Burns, A. R., Matarazzo O, Abbamonte L. (2014). Corpus Linguistics and the Appraisal Framework for Retrieving Emotion and Stance - The Case of Samsung’s and Apple’s Facebook Pages. In Bassis S., Esposito A., Morabito F. C. (eds) Recent Advances of Neural Networks Models and Applications. vol. 26, pp. 283-294, Springer, ISBN: 978-3-319-04128-5, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-04129-2.7.Cavaliere, F. (2012). The Shaping of the News. How Information can be moulded by the Press. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura.8.Clore, G. L., & Huntsinger, J. R. (2007). How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 393-399.9.Clore, G.L. & Schnall, S. (2008). Affective Coherence: Affect as Embodied Evidence in Attitude, Advertising, and Art. In G. R. Semin, E. Smith (eds) Embodied Grounding: Social, Cognitive, Affective, and Neuroscientific Approaches, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 211-236.10.Colombo, M. (2004). Theoretical Perspectives in Media-Communication Research: From Linear to Discursive Models. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, [S.l.], 5 (2), May.11.Dolan, R. J. (2000). Emotion, cognition, and behavior. SCIENCE 298 (5596) 1191-1194.12.Goodwin, C. (1994). Professional Vision. American Anthropologist. 96 (3): 606-633.13.Higgins, E. T., & Bargh, J. A. (1987). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369-425.14.Humphreys, M. & Garry, J. (2000). Thinking about salience. Early drafts from Columbia, pp. 1-55.15.Izard, C. E. (1997). Human Emotions. New York: Plenum Press.16.Jaworski, A. & Coupland, N. (eds). (2006). The Discourse Reader. London and New York: Routledge.17.Martin, J.R. & White, P.R.R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation. Palgrave Macmillan, London & New York.18.O’ Meara, G. (2012). Stand Your Ground Laws Are Unnecessary. March 21. The New York Times.19.Parkinson, B., Fischer, A., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2005). Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group, and interpersonal processes. New York: Psychology Press.20.Prinz J. (2006). The Emotional Basis of Moral Judgements. Philosophical Explorations, 9, (1).21.Prinz, J. J. (2004). Embodied emotions. In R. C. Solomon (ed.), Thinking about feeling: Contemporary philosophers on emotions. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 44-58.22.Quasthoff, U. (1978). The uses of stereotype in everyday argument. J. Pragmat. 2(1), 1-48.23.Quasthoff, U. (1989). Social prejudice as a re-source of power: towards the functional ambivalence of stereotypes. In R. Wodak (ed) Language, Power, and Ideology, pp. 137-63. Amsterdam: Benjamins.24.Roseman, I. J., & Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 3-19). New York: Oxford University Press.25.Sperber, D. & Wilson, D.1986 [1995]. Relevance: Communication & Cognition, Oxford: Blackwell. - 1997. ‘Remarks on relevance theory and the social sciences.’Multilingua 16: 145-152.26.Van Dijk T.A. (1984). Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins. - 1985. Discourse and Communication: New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication. Walter de Gruyter. - 1991. Racism and the Press. Critical Studies in Racism and Migration. London: Routledge.27.Van Dijk T.A, Ting-Toomey S, Smitherman G, Troutman D. (1997). Discourse, ethnicity, culture and racism. In Van Dijk T.A (ed). Discourse as Social Interaction. London: Sage.28.Voloshinov, V.N. (1995). Marixism and the Philosophy of Language, Bakhtinian Thought - an Introductory Reader. S. Dentith, L. Matejka & I.R. Titunik, (trans), London: Routledge.29.Wetherell, M. and Potter, J. (1992). Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation. London and New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf and Columbia University Press.30.White, P.R.R. (1998). ‘Telling Media Tales: the News Story As Rhetoric’. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney. Retrieved from: http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/ whiteprr/whiteprr_phd.html.31.White, P.R.R. (2012). Exploring the axiological workings of ‘reporter voice’ news stories - Attribution and attitudinal positioning. Discourse, Context and Media, 1(2-3), 57-67.32.Wodak, R. and M. Reisigl. (1999). Discourse and Racism: European Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28, 175-199.33.The 2013 Florida Statutes: CHAPTER 776 JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0776/0776.html.