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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15404</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-9182-2017-21-1-48-72</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metaphor and Grammar in the Poetic Representation of Nature</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метафора и грамматика в поэтическом изображении природы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goatly</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гоутли</surname><given-names>Эндрю</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>apgoatly@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lingnan University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Линнань</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Discourse Analysis in the 21 st Century: Theory an d Practice  (II)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс-анализ в 21 веке: теория  и практика (II)</issue-title><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Goatly A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Гоутли Э.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2017, Goatly A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Goatly A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гоутли Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Goatly A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/15404">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/15404</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">This article is based on two assumptions which have already been evidenced in the literature of environmental discourse analysis. The first is that the normal congruent active material process clause (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004), if the empathy hierarchy (Langacker 1991) is imposed upon it, tends to represent humans as acting in a unidirectional way upon a passive environment (Goatly 2002, 2007). The second is that much pro-environmental discourse, such as the Worldwatch Institute’s reports, for the most part adopts this grammar and thereby undervalues the power of nature as a force independent of humans but with power over them (Goatly and Hiradhar 2016). This article builds on work already done in Goatly (2000, 2007) and Goatly and Hiradhar (2016) on non-congruent grammar, co-ordination, along with personification and other forms of metaphor, to represent the human-nature relationship in ways which are more in keeping with modern science, and more helpful from an ecological viewpoint. The poetic texts discussed are taken from Wordsworth’s The Prelude , Edward Thomas’ Collected Poems and Alice Oswald’s Woods etc. Besides the use of grammatical co-ordination and metaphor/literalisation to blur the human nature boundary, they illustrate the use of nominalisations, ergative verbs, the activation of tokens and existents, the emphasis on nature as sayer and experiencer, rather than goal, which is a grammar (and use of metaphor) quite different from the patterns in so-called environmental and news discourse.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">Данная статья основана на двух положениях, которые уже были доказаны в литературе по анализу экологического дискурса. Первое - это то, что в активных предложениях с конгруэнтной функцией (Halliday, Matthiessen 2004), человек предстает как исполнитель однонаправленных действий, совершаемых им над пассивной природой (Goatly 2002, 2007). Второе положение заключается в том, что в большинстве случаев в экологическом дискурсе, как, например, в сообщениях Института всемирного наблюдения (Worldwatch Institute), где такая грамматика используется, недооценивается сила природы, которая не зависит от человека и способна властвовать над ним (Goatly, Hiradhar 2016). Автор опирается на уже проведенные ранее исследования (Goatly 2000, 2007, Goatly, Hiradhar 2016), в которых показано использования неконгруэнтных грамматических форм, различных видов метафор для описании отношений между человеком и природой в русле современной науки. Автором проанализирован ряд поэтических текстов, среди которых «Прелюдии» Уильяма Вордсворта, избранные стихотворения Эдварда Томаса и поэтический сборник Элис Освальд «Woods». Исследование показало, что, помимо грамматического согласования и метафор, используемых для размывания границ между человеком и природой, в них встречаются субстантивация, эргативные глаголы, очувствление символов. Подчеркивается, что природа способна говорить и чувствовать, что существенно отличается от приемов, используемых в экологическом и новостном дискурсах.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>environmental discourse analysis</kwd><kwd>metaphor</kwd><kwd>personification</kwd><kwd>poetic texts</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экологический дискурс</kwd><kwd>метафора</kwd><kwd>персонификация</kwd><kwd>поэтический текст</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bohm, D. (1980) Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Goatly, A. (2007) Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology, Amsterdam: Benjamins</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Goatly, A. 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