<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15155</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-15155</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">American Political Discourse: Irony in Pre-Election Campaign 2016</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Американский политический дискурс: ирония в предвыборной кампании 2016</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gornostayeva</surname><given-names>Anna A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горностаева</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>anngornostaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State Linguistic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный лингвистический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Discourse Analysis in the 21st Century: Theory and Practice (I)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Дискурс-анализ в 21 веке: теория и практика (I)</issue-title><fpage>179</fpage><lpage>196</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-08"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Gornostayeva A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Горностаева А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2016, Gornostayeva A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gornostayeva A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Горностаева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Gornostayeva A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/15155">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/15155</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">This article represents the analysis of American modern political discourse, mainly the field connected with the pre-election campaign 2016. It explores primary genres of political discourse (speeches, announcements, debates, party programmes), as well as secondary genres (commentaries, discussions, interpretation, political interviews). Owing to the fact that political communication embraces the whole range of informal political processes in society, the field of research includes the so-called informal political socializing. The aim of the paper is to study the use of irony and its functions in political discourse. The data used for the study were taken from candidates’ speeches, interviews with political and public figures, and recent witty sayings/comments. The study is based on the theory of critical discourse analysis (M. Bilig 2007, Teun A. van Dijk 2009, N. Fairclough 1996, P. Graham 2007, J. Lemke 2007, S. Scollon 2007), political discourse analysis (A. Beard 2001, D. Ponton 2011 etc.) and theory of irony (L. Alba-Juez 2014, S. Attardo 2007, R. Giora 2001, 2003, L. Hutcheon 2005, B. Komlosi 2010 etc.). The analysis showed that irony is a frequent communicative strategy used by politicians in pre-election campaigns, it performs different functions, such as aggression, defense, entertainment and some others and plays a positive role in commucation with the audience. When used expertly, irony contributes to making political discourse more expressive and convincing. An ironic politician is a better manipulator of public opinion than one unable to use irony.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">Статья представляет собой анализ современного политического дискурса США, а именно той области, которая связана с предвыборной кампанией кандидатов в президенты на выборах 2016 г. Рассмотрены как первичные речевые жанры (речи, заявления, дебаты, партийные программы), так и вторичные (комментирование, обсуждение, интерпретация, политические интервью). Поскольку политическая коммуникация подразумевает весь диапазон неформальных политических процессов в обществе, в сферу исследования вошло так называемое неформальное политическое общение. Цель статьи - показать роль иронии в американском политическом дискурсе и выделить ее функции. Приводится подробный анализ механизмов и языковых средств выражения иронии. В качестве анализируемого материала использовались отрывки из предвыборных речей кандидатов на пост президента, интервью с политическими и общественными деятелями США, а также современные афоризмы известных лиц. Методологической основой статьи послужили работы по критическому анализу дискурса (M. Bilig 2007, Teun A. van Dijk 2009, N. Fairclough 1996, P. Graham 2007, J. Lemke 2007, S. Scollon 2007), анализу политического дискурса (A. Beard 2001, D. Ponton 2011 и др.), работы, представляющие различные подходы к осмыслению иронии (L. Alba-Juez 2014, S. Attardo 2007, R. Giora 2001, 2003, L. Hutcheon 2005, B. Komlosi 2010, и т.д.). Статья содержит выводы о том, что ирония является одной из наиболее распространенных стратегий, используемых в предвыборных выступлениях кандидатов, она выполняет разные функции, среди которых нападение, защита, развлечение и др., она может играть положительную роль во взаимодействии с аудиторией - умело использованная ирония делает политический дискурс более ярким, экспрессивным и убедительным, а ироничный политик владеет искусством манипулирования общественным мнением лучше, чем оратор, обходящийся без иронии.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>irony</kwd><kwd>politician</kwd><kwd>political genres</kwd><kwd>functions</kwd><kwd>mechanisms</kwd><kwd>linguistic means</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ирония</kwd><kwd>политик</kwd><kwd>политический жанр</kwd><kwd>функции</kwd><kwd>механизмы</kwd><kwd>языковые средства</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alba-Juez L. (1995) Irony and the other off record strategies within politeness theory. Miscelanea 16, 13-23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Alba-Juez L. (2014) Irony as inferred contradiction // Russian Journal of Linguistics 4, 139-152</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Attardo S. (2007) Irony as a Relevant Inappropriateness // Irony in Language and Thought. A Cognitive Science Reader. Ed. by H.L. Colston and R.W. Gibbs. New York, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 135-172</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Beard A. (2001) The language of politics. Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Billig M. (2007) Critical Discourse Analysis and the Rhetoric of Critique // Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Palgrave Macmillan, 35-47</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Crystal D. (1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language / D. Crystal. Cambridge: CUP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Fairclough N. (1996) Language and power. Longman</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Fialkova L., Yelenevskaya M. (2013) In Search of the Self: Reconciling the Past and the present in Immigrants’ Experience. Tartu ELM Scholarly Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Gornostaeva A.A. (2013) Irony as a component of the English communication style. [Ironia kak component angliiskogo stilya kommunikatsii]. Moscow, Maska. 240 p. [in Russian]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Giora R. (2001) Irony and its discontent // Utrecht publications in general and comparative literature. Vol. 35. John Benjamins publishing company. Amsterdam, Philadelphia, 165-185</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Giora R. (2003) On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. New York: Oxford University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Graham P. (2007) Critical Discourse Analysis and Evaluative Meaning: Interdisciplinarity as a Critical Turn // Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Palgrave Macmillan, 110-130</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gouveia Carlos A.M. (2007) Critical Discourse Analysis and the Development of the New Science // Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Palgrave. Macmillan, 47-63</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Hutcheon L. (2005) Irony’s Edge. The Theory and Politics of Irony / L. Hutcheon. New York: Routledge</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Komlósi B. (2010) Irony in the semantics-pragmatics interface: A reconstructional model. November 11. [http://www.eotvos.u-szeged.hu/~vozparag/komlosi_irony.pdf]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lemke J. (2007) Texts and Discourses in the Technologies of Social Organization // Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Palgrave Macmillan, 130-150</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lewis P. (2006) Cracking up: American humour in a time of conflict. The University of Chicago Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Martin J.R., White P.R.R. (2005) The Language of Evaluation. Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan New York, N.Y. 278 p</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ponton D.M. (2011) For Arguments’ sake: speaker evaluation in modern political discourse. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 110 p</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Schutz C.E. (1977) Political humour from Aristophanes to San Ervin. Assossiated University presses, London 1977</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>[https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Q7i40PY6AzgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=tr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Scollon S. (2007) Political and Somatic Alignment: Habitus, Ideology and Social Practice // Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Palgrave Macmillan, 167-199</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Van Dijk Teun A. (2009) Society and discourse: how social contexts influence text and talk. Cambridge University Press, 2009. 299 p</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
