RUDN Journal of LawRUDN Journal of LawВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки2313-23372408-9001Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)4622210.22363/2313-2337-2025-29-3-713-732AQDTCZCivil and Arbitration ProcessГражданский и арбитражный процессResearch ArticleAd hoc arbitration in China: Development, legal issues, and future perspectivesАрбитраж ad hoc в Китае: эволюция, правовые дилеммы и перспективы развитияhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-7213-7954DuTaoДуТао

Dr. Sci. in Laws, Full Professor, Dean of the International Law Faculty

доктор юридических наук, профессор, декан Международного-правового факультета

18964606902@126.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-3945-4157ZhaoChentingЧжаоЧэньтин

Ph.D. candidate, International Law Faculty

аспирант, Международно-правовой факультет

2421090057@ecupl.edu.cnEast China University of Political Science and LawВосточно-Китайский университет политических наук и права01102025293INTERNATIONAL LAW. FOREIGN LAWМЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ ПРАВО. ЗАРУБЕЖНОЕ ПРАВО71373201102025Copyright ©; 2025, Du T., Zhao C.Copyright ©; 2025, Ду Т., Чжао Ч.2025Du T., Zhao C.Ду Т., Чжао Ч.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/46222

Ad hoc arbitration, due to its flexibility and efficiency, is resolving international commercial disputes. However, gaps remain in Chinese arbitration legislation regarding ad hoc arbitration. In recent years, China has made attempts to develop ad hoc arbitration in specific regions, such as pilot free trade zones, gaining relevant experience. Although the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised Draft, 2024) includes provisions on ad hoc arbitration, it still faces challenges, such as ambiguous criteria for validating arbitration agreements and deficiencies in the selection and appointement methods of arbitrators. The study aims to explore the formation and development of ad hoc arbitration in China to identify existing issues in the law’s practical application. Particular emphasis is placed on both theoretical and practical aspects, including the prerequisites, evolution, legal challenges, and prospects for ad hoc arbitration’s development in China. The analysis focuses on how the concept of ad hoc arbitration evolves across different Chinese regulatory instruments. Methodologically, the research combines general and specialized scientific methods, including dialectical, historical, and comparative approaches. The study concludes with proposals to revise the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China by adjusting elements of ad hoc arbitration agreements, introducing an arbitrator information disclosure mechanism, reducing the dependence between arbitrators and arbitral institutions, and incorporating international best practicies-such as provisions from the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. These reforms aim to accelerate the institutionalization of ad hoc in Chinese legislation, enhance the international influence of Chinese arbitral institutions, and provide a more efficient and accessible method for resolving commercial disputes.

Арбитраж ad hoc, благодаря своей гибкости и эффективности, занимает важное место в разрешении международных коммерческих споров. Однако в китайском законодательстве об арбитраже ad hoc существуют пробелы. В последние годы в Китае предприняты попытки развития арбитража ad hoc в отдельных регионах, таких как пилотные зоны свободной торговли, и был накоплен соответствующий опыт. Хотя Закон КНР об арбитраже (проект пересмотра, 2024 г.) включает положения об арбитраже ad hoc, он также сталкивается с такими проблемами, как нечеткие критерии определения действительности арбитражных соглашений и недостатки в методах выбора и назначения арбитров. Целью является исследование формирования и развития арбитража ad hoc в Китае для выявления проблем применения права на практике. Особое внимание уделяется как теоретическим, так и практическим аспектам исследования предпосылок, эволюции, правовых дилемм и перспектив развития арбитража ad hoc в Китае. Анализируется, как концепция арбитража ad hoc изменяется в различных китайских нормативных правовых актах. Методологически исследование опирается на комплекс общенаучных и частнонаучных методов, включающих диалектический, исторический и сравнительный методы. Предложено в будущем пересмотреть Закон КНР об арбитраже, скорректировать элементы арбитражного соглашения ad hoc, добавить механизм раскрытия информации арбитров, сократить связь между арбитрами и арбитражным учреждением, заимствавоть международный опыт, такой как статьи из Типового закона ЮНСИТРАЛ о международном торговом арбитраже и т.д, чтобы способствовать ускорению внедрения системы арбитража ad hoc в законодательство Китая, усилить международное влияние китайских арбитражных учреждений и обеспечить более эффективный и удобный способ разрешения коммерческих споров.

amendment to the Arbitration Actad hoc arbitrationarbitration agreementarbitratorsarbitral awardsArbitration CommissionChinese lawChinese judicial practiceпоправка к Закону об арбитражеарбитраж ad hocарбитражное соглашениеарбитрыарбитражные решенияарбитражный комитеткитайское правокитайская судебная практикаBantekas, I. (2015) An Introduction to International Arbitration. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Born, G. (2020) International Commercial Arbitration (3rd edition). The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International Publ.Chen, L. (2022) A Castle in the Air from Autonomy to Heteronomy: On the Illusion of Party Autonomy in the Joint Selection of Arbitrators. Beijing Arbitration Quarterly. (4), 43-76. (in Chinese).陈令祚. 从“自治”归于“他治”的空中楼阁--论当事人共同选定仲裁员制度中的意思自治 // 北京仲裁. 2022. № 4. C. 43-76.Dai, Y. (2023) Establishing Ad Hoc Arbitration in China under the Revised Arbitration Law: Challenges and Responses to the Dual-Track System. Commercial Arbitration & Mediation. (6), 40-54. 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(2022) Research on the Current Situation and Future Development Path of China’s Ad Hoc Arbitration System. Dispute Settlement. (4), 837-843. (in Chinese). https://www.doi.org/10.12677/ds.2022.84113 EDN: TVAEWE梁雨. 我国临时仲裁制度现状及未来发展路径探究 // 争议解决. 2022. № 4. C. 837-843. https://www.doi.org/10.12677/ds.2022.84113 EDN: TVAEWELiu, M. (2005) A Call for Prudent Implementation of Ad Hoc Arbitration. Beijing Arbitration Quarterly. (1), 8-12. (in Chinese).刘茂亮. 临时仲裁应当缓行 // 北京仲裁. 2005. № 1. C. 8-12.Mao, X. (2021) Revision of Arbitration Law from the Perspective of Empirical Legal Research: Consensus and Differences. Chinese Review of International Law. (6), 110-126. (in Chinese).毛晓飞. 法律实证研究视角下的仲裁法修订 共识与差异 // 国际法研究. 2021. № 6. C. 110-126.Shen, W. & Lu, X. (2024) How to Make Arbitration Law More International - Investigating the Key Provisions in the Revised Arbitration Law. Journal of Hunan University (Social Sciences). (3), 125-131. (in Chinese).沈伟, 芦心玥. 《仲裁法》如何更加国际化--基于《仲裁法 修订 征求意见稿 》主要条款的考察 // 湖南大学学报 社会科学版 . 2024. № 3. C. 125-131.Tang, X. (2020) The Dilemmas and Solutions of the Application of Ad hoc Arbitration System in China’s Free Trade Zones. Journal of International Economic Law. (4), 49-58. (in Chinese).汤霞. 临时仲裁制度在我国自贸区适用的困境与纾解 // 国际经济法学刊. 2020. № 4. C. 49-58.Wu, A. (2022) On the Systematic Theory of Introducing the Ad Hoc Arbitration System into the Arbitration Law. Social Scientist. (4), 104-112. (in Chinese).毋爱斌. 《仲裁法》引入临时仲裁制度体系论 // 社会科学家. 2022. № 4. C. 104-112.Zhang, T. (2020) Misinterpretation of the Nature of Commercial Arbitration in China’s Legal System - Start from ad hoc arbitration. Northern Legal Science. (4), 98-110. (in Chinese).张铁铁. 我国法律制度对商事仲裁性质的误解--从临时仲裁谈起 // 北方法学. 2020. № 4. C. 98-110.Bantekas, I. (2015) An Introduction to International Arbitration. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Born, G. (2020) International Commercial Arbitration (3rd edition). The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International Publ.Chen, L. (2022) A Castle in the Air from Autonomy to Heteronomy: On the Illusion of Party Autonomy in the Joint Selection of Arbitrators. Beijing Arbitration Quarterly. (4), 43-76. (in Chinese).陈令祚. 从“自治”归于“他治”的空中楼阁--论当事人共同选定仲裁员制度中的意思自治 // 北京仲裁. 2022. № 4. C. 43-76.Dai, Y. (2023) Establishing Ad Hoc Arbitration in China under the Revised Arbitration Law: Challenges and Responses to the Dual-Track System. Commercial Arbitration & Mediation. (6), 40-54. (in Chinese).戴宇倩. 《仲裁法》修订下我国临时仲裁的构建 以临时仲裁“双轨制”面临的挑战及应对为例 // 商事仲裁与调解. 2023. № 6. C. 40-54.Du, H. & Li, X. (2020) The Predicaments and Solutions of the Selections of Arbitrators: From the Perspective of the Legal Relationship between the Arbitrators and the Parties to Arbitration. Wuhan University International Law Review. (2), 39-59. (in Chinese).杜焕芳, 李贤森. 仲裁员选任困境与解决路径--仲裁员与当事人法律关系的视角 // 武大国际法评论. 2020. № 2. C. 39-59.Huang, S. (2012) On the Importance of Establishing Ad Hoc Arbitration System in China. Lanzhou Academic Journal. (1), 201-203. (in Chinese).黄思怡. 论在我国建立临时仲裁制度的重要性 // 兰州学刊. 2012. № 1. C. 201-203.Jiang, L. (2024) Major Controversial Issues in the Revision of the Arbitration Law and Theoretical Origins. China Law Review. (3) 165-185. (in Chinese).姜丽丽. 《仲裁法》修订重大争议问题及其理论溯 // 中国法律评论. 2024. № 3. C. 165-185.Li, G. (2020) International Commercial Arbitration. Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press. (in Chinese).李光国. 国际商事仲裁. 北京: 中国政法⼤学出版社2020年版.Liang, Yu. (2022) Research on the Current Situation and Future Development Path of China’s Ad Hoc Arbitration System. Dispute Settlement. (4), 837-843. (in Chinese). https://www.doi.org/10.12677/ds.2022.84113 EDN: TVAEWE梁雨. 我国临时仲裁制度现状及未来发展路径探究 // 争议解决. 2022. № 4. C. 837-843. https://www.doi.org/10.12677/ds.2022.84113 EDN: TVAEWELiu, M. (2005) A Call for Prudent Implementation of Ad Hoc Arbitration. Beijing Arbitration Quarterly. (1), 8-12. (in Chinese).刘茂亮. 临时仲裁应当缓行 // 北京仲裁. 2005. № 1. C. 8-12.Mao, X. (2021) Revision of Arbitration Law from the Perspective of Empirical Legal Research: Consensus and Differences. Chinese Review of International Law. (6), 110-126. (in Chinese).毛晓飞. 法律实证研究视角下的仲裁法修订 共识与差异 // 国际法研究. 2021. № 6. C. 110-126.Shen, W. & Lu, X. (2024) How to Make Arbitration Law More International - Investigating the Key Provisions in the Revised Arbitration Law. Journal of Hunan University (Social Sciences). (3), 125-131. (in Chinese).沈伟, 芦心玥. 《仲裁法》如何更加国际化--基于《仲裁法 修订 征求意见稿 》主要条款的考察 // 湖南大学学报 社会科学版 . 2024. № 3. C. 125-131.Tang, X. (2020) The Dilemmas and Solutions of the Application of Ad hoc Arbitration System in China’s Free Trade Zones. Journal of International Economic Law. (4), 49-58. (in Chinese).汤霞. 临时仲裁制度在我国自贸区适用的困境与纾解 // 国际经济法学刊. 2020. № 4. C. 49-58.Wu, A. (2022) On the Systematic Theory of Introducing the Ad Hoc Arbitration System into the Arbitration Law. Social Scientist. (4), 104-112. (in Chinese).毋爱斌. 《仲裁法》引入临时仲裁制度体系论 // 社会科学家. 2022. № 4. C. 104-112.Zhang, T. (2020) Misinterpretation of the Nature of Commercial Arbitration in China’s Legal System - Start from ad hoc arbitration. Northern Legal Science. (4), 98-110. (in Chinese).张铁铁. 我国法律制度对商事仲裁性质的误解--从临时仲裁谈起 // 北方法学. 2020. № 4. C. 98-110.