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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Law</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2337</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-9001</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">43589</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2337-2025-29-1-117-134</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QRAPJP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORICAL AND LEGAL RESEARC</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Between holism and realism: H. Kelsen’s two theories of legal conflicts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Между холизмом и реализмом: две теории юридических коллизий Г. Кельзена</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6112-7417</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9646-3311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kraevsky</surname><given-names>Arseny A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краевский</surname><given-names>Арсений Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Theory and History of State and Law, Saint Petersburg State University; Visiting Researcher, Samara State Economic University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры теории и истории государства и права Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета; приглашенный исследователь Самарского государственного экономического университета</p></bio><email>a.krajewski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Economic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский государственный экономический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>117</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-02"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kraevsky A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Краевский А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kraevsky A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Краевский А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/43589">https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/43589</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>H. Kelsen’s pure theory of law, which emerged as a key reference point for the development of modern legal positivism in the 20th century, has had a profound impact on jurisprudence and philosophical theory of norms. A significant aspect of Kelsen’s theory, particularly his theory of normative conflicts, underwent substantial evolution throughout his career. However, domestic legal literature has yet to explore Kelsen’s theory of normative conflicts in depth, and his later, realist version remains largely unexamined. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the two primary theories of normative conflicts developed by Kelsen at different stages of his work, as well as his theory of hierarchical conflicts. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the validity of criticisms directed at these theories in foreign scientific literature. To achieve this, we analyzed H. Kelsen’s writings from various periods and reviewed subsequent scholarly contributions that focus on his theory of normative conflicts. This study delineates two versions of Kelsen’s theory - holistic and realistic - illustrating their methodological foundations and demonstrating the role of conflicts between norms at different levels within the hierarchical structure of legal order. This structure remains consistent across both historical versions of the pure theory of law. Based on our analysis of critical literature, we identify vulnerabilities in the main arguments against the realist definition of normative conflict and against the doctrine of “alternative authorization” associated with the theory of hierarchical conflicts.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Чистое учение о праве Г. Кельзена, ставшее в XX в. точкой отсчета для развития современного юридического позитивизма, оказало большое влияние на юриспруденцию и философскую теорию норм. Важной частью кельзеновской теории норм, причем частью радикально менявшейся в течение жизни правоведа, стала его теория нормативных коллизий. Вместе с тем в отечественной юридической литературе до настоящего времени не представлены исследования кельзеновской теории нормативных конфликтов, а ее поздний, реалистический вариант практически неизвестен. Цель исследования заключается в том, чтобы реконструировать две основные теории нормативных конфликтов, разработанные Кельзеном в разное время, а также его теорию иерархических коллизий и оценить корректность критики данных теорий, представленной в иностранной научной литературе. Проанализированы работы Г. Кельзена, написанные в разное время, а также научные работы последующих авторов, посвященные его теории нормативных коллизий. В результате реконструированы два варианта кельзеновской теории нормативных коллизий - холистический и реалистический, показаны их методологические основания, а также показана роль коллизий норм разного уровня в теории ступенчатой структуры правопорядка, одинаковая для обеих исторических версий чистого учения о праве. Показана уязвимость основных критических аргументов против реалистического определения нормативного конфликта и против доктрины «альтернативного уполномочивания», связанной с теорией иерархических коллизий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>conflict of norms</kwd><kwd>collision of norms</kwd><kwd>H. Kelsen</kwd><kwd>pure theory of law</kwd><kwd>hierarchical structure of legal order</kwd><kwd>derogation</kwd><kwd>alternative authorization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>конфликт норм</kwd><kwd>коллизия норм</kwd><kwd>Г. Кельзен</kwd><kwd>чистое учение о праве</kwd><kwd>ступенчатая структура правопорядка</kwd><kwd>дерогация</kwd><kwd>альтернативное уполномочивание</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by a grant No. 24-28-01893 from the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-01893/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-28-01893, https://rscf.ru/project/24-28-01893/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alchourrón, C.E. (1991) Conflicts of Norms and the Revision of Normative Systems. Law and Philosophy. 10(4). 413-425.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alchourrón, C.E. &amp; Bulygin, E. 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