<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Law</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2337</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-9001</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36900</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-4-1007-1027</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MXTMJZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>УГОЛОВНОЕ ПРАВО И КРИМИНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Criminal responsibility for crimes against children in USA</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уголовная ответственность за преступления против детей в США</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-3754</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6087-4020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagornaya</surname><given-names>Irina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагорная</surname><given-names>Ирина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Legal Process and Criminalistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат юридических наук, до доцент департамента уголовного права, процесса и криминалистики</p></bio><email>irnag@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 27, NO4 (2023)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 27, №4 (2023)</issue-title><fpage>1007</fpage><lpage>1027</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Nagornaya I.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Нагорная И.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nagornaya I.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нагорная И.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/36900">https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/36900</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Children require special legal protection, including criminal law protection, in all countries since they are one of the most vulnerable categories of population. Crimes against children inflict harm not only to victims but also affect further development of society as a whole. The US experience in the field of criminal law protection of children has significant specifics and is of scientific interest. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe characteristic features of American criminal law in this area and its applicability in Russia. To reach the goal formal-legal, comparative-legal and other methods are used. American laws create legal duty to report acts that constitute child abuse. Failure to report constitutes crime. Statutes of several US states contain special chapters devoted to crimes against children. Parents or other caregivers may not inflict harm the child directly but also, by inaction, allow third party to do so. Such inaction is deemed a crime. Using reasonable force to discipline children is legal in the USA if the punishment does not inflict harm greater than transient pain and other legal requirements are met. Parents or other caregivers must control children and never leave them unattended at home if they are younger than state`s law or recommendations of state`s authorities prescribe. «Hot car» laws prohibit to leave children unattended in a vehicle if they have not reached the age prescribed by law. Violation of such duties is a crime in some cases. The applicability of such experience in Russia is analyzed for each criminal law prohibition. It is concluded that many rules of the US criminal law are redundant. The features that are of certain interest for our country have been identified and studied.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Во всех странах мира дети нуждаются в особой правовой охране, в том числе уголовно-правовой, так как являются одной из наиболее уязвимых категорий населения. Преступные посягательства на них наносят не только непосредственный вред потерпевшим, но и влияют на дальнейшее развитие общества в целом. Опыт США в области уголовно-правовой охраны детей обладает существенной спецификой и представляет научный интерес. Цель исследования - выявить и описать характерные черты американского уголовного права в указанной сфере, проанализировать его применимость к российской действительности. Использованы формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой и иные методы. Особенностью американского законодательства является наличие обязанности заявить о случаях жестокого обращения с ребенком. За ее нарушение предусмотрена уголовная ответственность. Своды законов некоторых штатов содержат специальные главы о преступлениях против детей. Родитель или иное лицо, осуществляющее уход за ребенком, не вправе не только наносить вред ребенку непосредственно, но и, бездействуя, допускать его нанесение третьими лицами. Такое бездействие является преступлением. В США разрешено применять разумную силу к ребенку с целью наказания, если при этом не причинен вред, больший, чем преходящая боль, и соблюдены иные законодательные требования. Родитель или иное обязанное лицо должны обеспечить контроль за ребенком, не оставляя его одного дома до достижения определенного возраста. Законы «о горячем автомобиле» запрещают оставлять детей, не достигших определенного возраста, в автомобиле без присмотра. Нарушение таких обязанностей в ряде случаев является преступлением. Применимость указанного опыта в России проанализирована для каждого отдельного уголовно-правового запрета. Сделан вывод об избыточности многих положений американского уголовного закона. Выявлены особенности, представляющие интерес для нашей страны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>crimes against children</kwd><kwd>child abuse</kwd><kwd>child neglect</kwd><kwd>corporal punishment</kwd><kwd>hot car law</kwd><kwd>US criminal law</kwd><kwd>child endangerment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>преступления против детей</kwd><kwd>жестокое обращение с ребенком</kwd><kwd>неисполнение родительских обязанностей</kwd><kwd>телесное наказание</kwd><kwd>закон о горячем автомобиле</kwd><kwd>уголовное право США</kwd><kwd>оставление ребенка в опасности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Artemyeva, Y.A. &amp; Sergeeva, V.V. (2019) Problems of determining child support obligations in Russian and American. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana. 24 (5), 429-439.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Austin, A., Lesak, A. &amp; Shanahan, M. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Injury epidemiology. 7(4), 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-020-00252-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ben-David, V., Jonson-Reid, M., Drake, B. &amp; Kohl, P. (2015) The association between childhood maltreatment experiences and the onset of maltreatment perpetration in young adulthood controlling for proximal and distal risk factors. Child abuse &amp; neglect. (46), 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Dedel, K. (2010) Child abuse and neglect in the home: problem-oriented guides for police. Tempe, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Edwards, L. (1996) Corporal punishment and the legal system. Santa Clara law review. 4(36), 983-1023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedotov, A.V. (2012) The average person fiction in Russian criminal law. Part 1. Moscow, Yurlitinform Publ. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федотов А.В. Фикция «среднего» человека в российском уголовном праве. Ч. 1. М.: Юрлитинформ, 2012. 571 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Funderburk, C. (2013) Best interests of the child should not be an ambiguous term. Children`s legal rights journal. 33(2), 229-266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobs, M.S. (1998) Requiring battered women die: murder liability for mothers under failure to protect statutes. Journal of criminal law and criminology. 88(2), 579-660.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Jennissen, C., Evans, E., Oral, R. &amp; Denning, G. (2018) Child abuse and neglect experts' determination of when a child being left home alone constitutes child neglect. Injury Epidemiology. 5(16), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-018-0144-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>LaFave, W.R. (2010) Criminal law. 5th edition. Thomson Reuters, West Academic.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lee, K.A. &amp; Douglas, E.M. (2021) An exploratory study of the prosecution of fatal child maltreatment: Criminal charges filed against presumed perpetrators in the United States in 2017. Violence &amp; victims. 5(36), 638-650.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Loewy, A.H. (2009) Criminal law. Thomson Reuters.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Liu, B. &amp; Vaughn, M. (2019) Legal and policy issues from the United States and internationally about mandatory reporting of child abuse. International journal of law and psychiatry. (64), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.03.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Mahoney, A. (2019) How failure to protect laws punish the vulnerable. Health matrix: the journal of law-medicine. 29(1), 429-461.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagornaya, I.I. (2017) Child abuse as estimating concept of criminal law. Pravo. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki. (2), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2017.2.142.154 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нагорная И. И. Жестокое обращение с ребенком как оценочное уголовно-правовое понятие // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2017. № 2. С. 142-154. https://doi.org/10.17323/2072-8166.2017.2.142.154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reed, J.G. (2004) Maltreatment of children: an American perspective. The Journal of social policy studies. 2(2), 265-282. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рид Дж. Г. Жестокое обращение с детьми: Американская перспектива // Журнал исследований социальной политики. 2004. Т. 2. № 2. С. 265-282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Schnitzer, P., Covington, T., Kruse, R. (2011) Assessment of caregiver responsibility in unintentional child injury deaths: challenges for injury prevention. Injury prevention. 17, 45-54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Stanziani, M. &amp; Cox, J. (2021) The failure of all mothers or the mother of all failures? Juror perceptions of failure to protect laws. Journal of interpersonal violence. 36(1-2), 690-711. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626051773627</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Vandervort, F. (2020) The law and policy of child maltreatment. Handbook of interpersonal violence and abuse across the lifespan. In: Geffner, R. et al., (eds.). New York, Springer International Publishing.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Vitiello, M. (2010) Defining the reasonable person in the criminal law: fighting the lernaean hydra. Lewis &amp; Clark law review. 14(4), 1435-1454.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
