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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Law</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Юридические науки</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2337</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-9001</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16321</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2337-2017-21-2-200-217</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Institutes of the French High Officials in the Governing System of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the XII Century</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Соотношение полномочий высших оффициалов во Французском и Латино-Иерусалимском королевствах в XII в</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapo</surname><given-names>Pavel V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапо</surname><given-names>Павел Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Law</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юридический институт</p></bio><email>lapo_pv@rudn.university</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 21, NO2 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 21, №2 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>200</fpage><lpage>217</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-06-28"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Lapo P.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Лапо П.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lapo P.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лапо П.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/16321">https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/16321</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the beginning of the 12th century the most of crusaders in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem were originally from France. That social particularity determined form and content of the future Crusader administration. The first ruler of the Kingdom, Godfrey of Bouillon (1099-1100), and his successors Baldwin I (1100-1118) and Baldwin II (1118-1131) based on the institutes of the French high officials, well-known to their subjects, while created new governing system. Adaptation of those institutes to the new geopolitical, economical and sociocultural conditions longed for about a quarter of a century. Analysis of large amount of legal (about 800 royal and seigniorial charters) and historical (Latin and Arab chronicles of the Crusades) sources showed the institute of seneschal was first to be adapted and mentioned in 1102 already. Six years later the constable, the chancellor and the chamberlain supposed to appear according to the several charters. And finally we meet the first evidences about the butler, the regent of the kingdom and the marshal in 1120, 1123 and 1125 respectively. The same sources also enabled looking upon changes of aforementioned institutes’ powers in comparison with their French «originals». The most important meant replace of civil authorities’ domination, typical for France, by military one because of the permanent threat to the existence of the kingdom. The constable and the marshal as his vassal became to play the first roles in the governing system; other officials took broader military powers. Along with that some French traditions (investiture of a fief when taking the office, prohibition to inherit the office, prohibition to take two offices simultaneously) were kept without any change. Such a combination of traditions and innovations let Crusader state’ high officials be more effective than the French ones.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>После основания Латино-Иерусалимского королевства большинство ее населения европейского происхождения составляли выходцы из Франции. Это предопределило форму и содержание «системы управления», которую было необходимо создать в новом государстве. Первый правитель Иерусалима, Готфрид Бульонский (1099-1100) и его преемники Балдуин I (1100-1118) и Балдуин II (1118-1131) взяли за основу хорошо знакомые большинству их подданных-католиков институты высших оффициалов французской короны. Процесс перенесения данных институтов на новую почву, в новые геополитические, экономические и социокультурные условия происходил постепенно и занял около четверти века. Результаты анализа большого массива правовых (около 800 королевских и сеньориальных грамот) и исторических (латинские и арабские хроники Крестовых походов) источников показывают, что исторически первым из них стал институт сенешалей, сведения о котором появляются в 1102 г. В 1108 г. наряду с ним в документах впервые упоминаются коннетабль, канцлер и камерарий. Наконец, к 1120, 1123 и 1125 гг. относятся первые свидетельства о кравчем, регенте королевства и маршале. Кроме этого, данные документы и хроники позволяют проследить изменения полномочий соответствующих оффициалов по сравнению с их французскими образцами, выразившиеся в расширении и частичном перераспределении. Важнейшим стала смена доминирования «гражданских должностей», характерного для Франции, в пользу «военных», что было обусловлено наличием постоянной внешней угрозы королевству. На первые роли вышли коннетабль и маршал, прочие оффициалы так или иначе получили военно-административные функции. Вместе с тем некоторые французские традиции были сохранены без изменений: пожалование фьефа при «вступлении в должность», запрет наследования и одновременного выполнения функций двух высших оффициалов. Подобное сочетание обеспечило эффективность функционирования институтов высших оффициалов Латино-Иерусалимского королевства, значительно более высокую, чем у французских les grands officiers .</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem</kwd><kwd>France</kwd><kwd>governing system</kwd><kwd>official</kwd><kwd>office</kwd><kwd>royal charters</kwd><kwd>change of powers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Латино-Иерусалимское королевство</kwd><kwd>Франция</kwd><kwd>система управления</kwd><kwd>оффициал</kwd><kwd>оффиций</kwd><kwd>королевские грамоты</kwd><kwd>изменение полномочий</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grousset R. Histoire de Croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem. Vol. I. L’anarchie musulmane et la monarchie franque. Paris: Perrin; 1995. 700 p. 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