<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52882</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2026-26-3-657-677</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HUEAZP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EMERGING VOICES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБА ПЕРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Key Features of the International Climate Process: A Perspective from the Global South</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ключевые особенности международного климатического процесса: взгляд со стороны стран Глобального Юга</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alharbi</surname><given-names>Atif A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Альхарби</surname><given-names>Атиф Альджемайли</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">PhD Student, Department of Theory and History of International Relations; Senior Advisor on International Relations, former Head of the Kuwaiti delegation to the negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">аспирант кафедры теории и истории международных отношений; старший советник по международным отношениям, бывший глава переговорной делегации Кувейта на переговорах в рамках Рамочной конвенции ООН об изменении климата (РКИК ООН)</bio><email>1072228007@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Regional Aspects of Contemporary International Relations</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Региональные аспекты современных международных отношений</issue-title><fpage>657</fpage><lpage>677</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Alharbi A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Альхарби А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Alharbi A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alharbi A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Альхарби А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Alharbi A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/52882">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/52882</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Convention) was adopted in 1992 and entered into force in 1994, providing the basis for subsequent legal instruments-Kyoto Protocol 1997 (KP) and Paris Agreement 2015 (PA)-to enhance the implementation of the convention objectives and to be guided by its principles. This paper examines the UNFCCC process from the perspective of the Global South, with a particular emphasis on the positions of the Group 77 and China (G77 + China). It traces the origins of the Convention and analyzes the climate regime evolution over three decades, highlighting the interplay between its foundational principles, such as particularly equity, “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RCs), and comprehensiveness, as well as the power dynamics in multilateral climate politics. The study illustrates how power imbalances, state material interests, and North-South dynamics shape the interpretation and application of such principles. It argues that the PA hybrid design has exacerbated Northern selectivity (the cherry-picking approach) and created new tensions, including breaching principles of the UNFCCC and burden-shifting to developing countries (DCs). Additionally, recent calls for hasty fossil fuels (FF) phase-out mirror the predetermined inclination of many developed countries so as to fill the emission gap by transferring the burden of mitigation responsibilities to FF-dependent Southern DCs, thereby breaching the core principles of the Convention Article 3.3. Underlining these structural and political limitations, the study puts forward a more grounded neorealist understanding of the climate regime and multilateral efforts to address climate change.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рамочная конвенция ООН об изменении климата (РКИК ООН) (Конвенция) была принята в 1992 г. и вступила в силу в 1994 г., заложив основу для последующих правовых актов - Киотского протокола 1997 г. и Парижского соглашения 2015 г., призванных способствовать реализации целей Конвенции и соблюдению ее принципов. В исследовании процесс в рамках РКИК ООН рассмотрен с позиции стран Глобального Юга, особое внимание уделено позиции «Группы 77» и Китая (G77 плюс Китай). Прослежены истоки Конвенции и проанализирована эволюция климатического режима на протяжении трех десятилетий с акцентом на взаимосвязи между его основополагающими принципами, в частности принципами справедливости, «общих, но дифференцированных обязательств и соответствующих возможностей» (CBDR-RC) и всеохватности, а также с учетом расстановки сил в многосторонней климатической политике. Продемонстрировано, как дисбаланс сил, материальные интересы государств и динамика отношений «Север - Юг» влияют на толкование и применение этих принципов. Установлено, что гибридная структура Парижского соглашения усугубила избирательный подход (cherry-picking) со стороны стран Севера и породила новую напряженность, включая нарушение принципов РКИК ООН и перекладывание бремени обязательств на развивающиеся страны. Кроме того, недавние призывы к поспешному отказу от ископаемого топлива отражают стремление многих развитых стран восполнить дефицит сокращения выбросов за счет переноса бремени мер по смягчению последствий изменения климата на зависящие от ископаемого топлива развивающиеся страны Глобального Юга, что нарушает ключевые принципы статьи 3.3 Конвенции. В контексте этих структурных и политических ограничений предложено более обоснованное неореалистическое понимание климатического режима и многосторонних усилий по борьбе с изменением климата.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>climate change</kwd><kwd>UNFCCC</kwd><kwd>Kyoto protocol</kwd><kwd>Paris agreement</kwd><kwd>climate negotiations</kwd><kwd>developing countries</kwd><kwd>Global South</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>изменение климата</kwd><kwd>РКИК ООН</kwd><kwd>Киотский протокол</kwd><kwd>Парижское соглашение</kwd><kwd>климатические переговоры</kwd><kwd>развивающиеся страны</kwd><kwd>Глобальный Юг</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdulkadir, A., Abdulquadir, A., &amp; Nevaluz, S. (2025). The role of global governance in mitigating the impact of climate change: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Ecopolitics, Peace, and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.69798/82466053; EDN: GSVVBY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdulkadir A., Abdulquadir A., Nevaluz S. The Role of Global Governance in Mitigating the Impact of Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities // Journal of Ecopolitics, Peace, and Sustainable Development. 2025. Vol. 1, iss. 1. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.69798/82466053; EDN: GSVVBY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adipudi, A. V., Kim, R. E., &amp; Biermann, F. (2025). The potential negative impact of the UNFCCC: An analysis of sectoral, geographical, and temporal problem shifts from climate policies and measures in 25 industrialized countries. Global Environmental Change, 95, 103075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103075; EDN: EOFPSY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adipudi A. V., Kim R. E., Biermann F. The Potential Negative Impact of the UNFCCC: An Analysis of Sectoral, Geographical, and Temporal Problem Shifts from Climate Policies and Measures in 25 Industrialized Countries // Global Environmental Change. 2025. Vol. 95. Art. 103075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103075; EDN: EOFPSY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almquist, Z. W., Bagozzi, B. E., Blinova, D., &amp; Brown, Z. (2026). Dynamic networks of negotiation for international climate change cooperation. Environmental Sociology, 12(2), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2025.2507287; EDN: EZERPI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almquist Z. W., Bagozzi B. E., Blinova D., Brown Z. Dynamic Networks of Negotiation for International Climate Change Cooperation // Environmental Sociology. 2026. Vol. 12, iss. 2. P. 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2025.2507287; EDN: EZERPI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslan, S. (2025). Climate diplomacy and global governance: A strategic and qualitative analysis of international politics (1950–2025). International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governance, 11(1), 6–36. https://doi.org/10.46886/IJARPPG/v11-i1/19019; EDN: DXQVWW</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslan S. Climate Diplomacy and Global Governance: A Strategic and Qualitative Analysis of International Politics (1950–2025) // International Journal of Academic Research in Public Policy and Governance. 2025. Vol. 11, iss. 1. P. 6–36. https://doi.org/10.46886/IJARPPG/v11-i1/19019; EDN: DXQVWW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodansky, D. (2010). The Copenhagen climate change conference: A postmortem. American Journal of International Law, 104(2), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.2.0230</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodansky D. The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference: A Postmortem // American Journal of International Law. 2010. Vol. 104, iss. 2. P. 230–240. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.104.2.0230</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bodansky, D., &amp; Rajamani, L. (2018). The evolution and governance architecture of the United Nations climate change regime. In U. Luterbacher &amp; D. F. Sprinz (Eds.), Global climate policy: Actors, concepts, and enduring challenges (pp. 13–65). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10264.003.0004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bodansky D., Rajamani L. The Evolution and Governance Architecture of the United Nations Climate Change Regime // Global Climate Policy: Actors, Concepts, and Enduring Challenges / ed. by U. Luterbacher, D. F. Sprinz. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 2018. P. 13–65. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10264.003.0004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Çelik, F. B. (2022). The EU’s different faces in climate diplomacy: Leadership, interests, and responsibilities. Journal of European Integration, 44(8), 1019–1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2068538; EDN: EEKVRA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Çelik F. B. The EU’s Different Faces in Climate Diplomacy: Leadership, Interests, and Responsibilities // Journal of European Integration. 2022. Vol. 44, iss. 8. P. 1019–1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2068538; EDN: EEKVRA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chasek, P. S., Downie, D. L., &amp; Allan, J. I. (2025). Global environmental politics (9th ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003494874</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chasek P. S., Downie D. L., Allan J. I. Global Environmental Politics. 9th ed. New York: Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003494874</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clémençon, R. (2023). 30 years of international climate negotiations: Are they still our best hope? The Journal of Environment &amp; Development, 32(2), 114–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231163908; EDN: MDNBIY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clémençon R. 30 Years of International Climate Negotiations: Are They Still Our Best Hope? // The Journal of Environment &amp; Development. 2023. Vol. 32, iss. 2. P. 114–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/10704965231163908; EDN: MDNBIY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doussis, E., &amp; Dikaios, G. (2025). Climate diplomacy under the UNFCCC: Past, present, and future. In P. Naskou-Perraki (Ed.), Contemporary diplomatic and consular relations (pp. 153–163). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99243-8_10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doussis E., Dikaios G. Climate Diplomacy Under the UNFCCC: Past, Present, and Future // Contemporary Diplomatic and Consular Relations / ed. by P. Naskou-Perraki. Cham, Switzerland : Springer, 2025. P. 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99243-8_10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falkner, R. (2016). The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. International Affairs, 92(5), 1107–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12708</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falkner R. The Paris Agreement and the New Logic of International Climate Politics // International Affairs. 2016. Vol. 92, iss. 5. P. 1107–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12708</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falkner, R., Nasiritousi, N., &amp; Reischl, G. (2022). Climate clubs: Politically feasible and desirable? Climate Policy, 22(4), 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1967717; EDN: TSIOGY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falkner R., Nasiritousi N., Reischl G. Climate Clubs: Politically Feasible and Desirable? // Climate Policy. 2022. Vol. 22, iss. 4. P. 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1967717; EDN: TSIOGY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haibach, H., &amp; Schneider, K. (2013). The politics of climate change: Review and future challenges. In O. C. Ruppel, C. Roschmann, &amp; K. Ruppel-Schlichting (Eds.), Climate change: International law and global governance (Vol. II: Policy, diplomacy and governance in a changing environment, 1st ed., pp. 357–374). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941vsk.18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haibach H., Schneider K. The Politics of Climate Change: Review and Future Challenges // Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance. Vol. II: Policy, Diplomacy and Governance in a Changing Environment / ed. by O. C. Ruppel, C. Roschmann, K. Ruppel-Schlichting. 1st ed. Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2013. P. 357–374. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv941vsk.18 (accessed: 26.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hare, W., Stockwell, C., Flachsland, C., &amp; Oberthür, S. (2010). The architecture of the global climate regime: A top-down perspective. Climate Policy, 10(6), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2010.0161</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hare W., Stockwell C., Flachsland C., Oberthür S. The Architecture of the Global Climate Regime: A Top-Down Perspective // Climate Policy. 2010. Vol. 10, iss. 6. P. 600–614. https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2010.0161</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heras, A. (2024). Supply-side climate policy and fossil fuels in developing countries: A neo-Gramscian perspective. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 24(1), 49–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-024-09627-z; EDN: THBOWL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heras A. Supply-Side Climate Policy and Fossil Fuels in Developing Countries: A Neo-Gramscian Perspective // International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 2024. Vol. 24, iss. 1. P. 49–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-024-09627-z; EDN: THBOWL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heras, A., &amp; Gupta, J. (2025). North-South relations, responsibilities, and agendas in Earth system governance: Have these changed in the Anthropocene? Earth System Governance, 24, 100251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2025.100251; EDN: SRMQIS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heras A., Gupta J. North-South Relations, Responsibilities, and Agendas in Earth System Governance: Have These Changed in the Anthropocene? // Earth System Governance. 2025. Vol. 24. Art. 100251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2025.100251; EDN: SRMQIS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoppe, J., Hinder, B., Rafaty, R., Patt, A., &amp; Grubb, M. (2023). Three decades of climate mitigation policy: What has it delivered? Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 48, 615–650. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-103821; EDN: KDHWRA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoppe J., Hinder B., Rafaty R., Patt A., Grubb M. Three Decades of Climate Mitigation Policy: What Has It Delivered? // Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2023. Vol. 48. P. 615–650. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-103821; EDN: KDHWRA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibrahim, S. G., &amp; Uke, I. I. (2013). From Kyoto Protocol to Copenhagen: A theoretical approach to international politics of climate change. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 7(3), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR11.089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibrahim S. G., Uke I. I. From Kyoto Protocol to Copenhagen: A Theoretical Approach to International Politics of Climate Change // African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. 2013. Vol. 7, iss. 3. P. 142–153. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR11.089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilyassov, A., Chukubayev, Y., &amp; Morgunova, O. (2025). Energy policy and diplomacy of the UAE and other resource-oriented countries in the transition to technological development. Frontiers in Political Science, 7, 1661283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1661283; EDN: NRNYWL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ilyassov A., Chukubayev Y., Morgunova O. Energy Policy and Diplomacy of the UAE and Other Resource-Oriented Countries in the Transition to Technological Development // Frontiers in Political Science. 2025. Vol. 7. Art. 1661283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1661283; EDN: NRNYWL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalil, S. (2025). Toward an international Grundnorm for climate change: Ensuring sustainability away from the traditional notion of security. Sustainability, 17(3), 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031034; EDN: OXITAW</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalil S. Toward an International Grundnorm for Climate Change: Ensuring Sustainability Away from the Traditional Notion of Security // Sustainability. 2025. Vol. 17, iss. 3. Art. 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031034; EDN: OXITAW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keohane, R., &amp; Victor, D. (2016). Cooperation and discord in global climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 6, 570–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2937</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keohane R., Victor D. Cooperation and Discord in Global Climate Policy // Nature Climate Change. 2016. Vol. 6. P. 570–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2937</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasner, S. D. (1982a). Regimes and the limits of realism: Regimes as autonomous variables. International Organization, 36(2), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300019032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krasner S. D. Regimes and the Limits of Realism: Regimes as Autonomous Variables // International Organization. 1982a. Vol. 36, iss. 2. P. 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300019032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasner, S. D. (1982b). Structural causes and regime consequences: Regimes as intervening variables. International Organization, 36(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300018920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krasner S. D. Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables // International Organization. 1982b. Vol. 36, iss. 2. P. 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300018920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuyper, J., Schroeder, H., &amp; Linnér, B.-O. (2018). The evolution of the UNFCCC. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43, 343–368. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuyper J., Schroeder H., Linnér B.-O. The Evolution of the UNFCCC // Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2018. Vol. 43. P. 343–368. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leal-Arcas, R., Alghamdi, A., &amp; Alharethi, M. (2026). Effectiveness of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. Connecticut Journal of International Law, 41(1), 106–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leal-Arcas R., Alghamdi A., Alharethi M. Effectiveness of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement // Connecticut Journal of International Law. 2026. Vol. 41, iss. 1. P. 106–153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov, I. A. (2020). Bridging the gaps in the polycentric climate change regime. In L. Grigoryev &amp; A. Pabst (Eds.), Global governance in transformation: Challenges for international cooperation (pp.  163–181). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23092-0_11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makarov I. A. Bridging the Gaps in the Polycentric Climate Change Regime // Global Governance in Transformation: Challenges for International Cooperation /  ed. by L. Grigoryev, A. Pabst. Cham, Switzerland : Springer, 2020. P. 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23092-0_11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslin, M., Lang, J., &amp; Harvey, F. (2023). A short history of the successes and failures of the international climate change negotiations. UCL Open: Environment, (5), 08. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maslin M., Lang J., Harvey F. A Short History of the Successes and Failures of the International Climate Change Negotiations // UCL Open: Environment. 2023. No. 5. Art. 08. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minnerop, P. (2018). Taking the Paris Agreement forward: Continuous strategic decision-making on climate action by the meeting of the parties. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online, 21(1), 124–166.  https://doi.org/10.1163/13894633_021001006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minnerop P. Taking the Paris Agreement Forward: Continuous Strategic Decision-Making on Climate Action by the Meeting of the Parties // Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online. 2018. Vol. 21, iss. 1. P. 124–166. https://doi.org/10.1163/13894633_021001006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitchell, R. B. (2001). Institutional aspects of implementation, compliance, and effectiveness. In U. Luterbacher &amp; D. F. Sprinz (Eds.), International relations and global climate change (pp. 221–244). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitchell R. B. Institutional Aspects of Implementation, Compliance, and Effectiveness // International Relations and Global Climate Change / ed. by U. Luterbacher, D. F. Sprinz. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 2001. P. 221–244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukherjee, B. N., &amp; Mathew, M. (2023). Global climate change governance: A rethinking. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 9(1), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2391282m; EDN: LDJAHV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukherjee B. N., Mathew M. Global Climate Change Governance: A Rethinking // Journal of Liberty and International Affairs. 2023. Vol. 9, no. 1. P. 277–288. https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2391282m; EDN: LDJAHV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obergassel, W., Bauer, S., Hermwille, L., Aykut, S. C., Boran, I., Chan, S., Fraude, C., Klein, R. J. T., Mar, K. A., Schroeder, H., &amp; Simeonova, K. (2022). From regime-building to implementation: Harnessing the UN climate conferences to drive climate action. WIREs Climate Change, 13(6), e797. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.797; EDN: LPFPME</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obergassel W., Bauer S., Hermwille L., Aykut S. C., Boran I., Chan S., Fraude C., Klein R. J. T., Mar K. A., Schroeder H., Simeonova K. From Regime-Building to Implementation: Harnessing the UN Climate Conferences to Drive Climate Action // WIREs Climate Change. 2022. Vol. 13, iss. 6. Art. e797. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.797; EDN: LPFPME</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pattberg, P., &amp; Widerberg, O. (2017). The climate change regime. In H. von Storch (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of climate science (pp. 1–35). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pattberg P., Kaiser C., Widerberg O., Stripple J. 20 Years of Global Climate Change Governance Research: Taking Stock and Moving Forward // International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 2022. Vol. 22, iss. 2. P. 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-022-09568-5; EDN: ZJSCCT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pattberg, P., Kaiser, C., Widerberg, O., &amp; Stripple, J. (2022). 20 years of global climate change governance research: Taking stock and moving forward. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 22(2), 295–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-022-09568-5; EDN: ZJSCCT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pattberg P., Widerberg O. The Climate Change Regime // Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science / ed. by H. von Storch. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2017. P. 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Purdon, M. (2017). Neoclassical realism and international climate change politics: Moral imperative and political constraint in international climate finance. Journal of International Relations and Development, 20(2), 263–300. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2013.5; EDN: GEVPMA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Purdon M. Neoclassical Realism and International Climate Change Politics: Moral Imperative and Political Constraint in International Climate Finance // Journal of International Relations and Development. 2017. Vol. 20, iss. 2. P. 263–300. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2013.5; EDN: GEVPMA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruiz Campillo, X. (2024). Post-Paris Agreement negotiations: A commitment to multilateralism despite the lack of funding. Environmental Science and Policy, 156, 103754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103754; EDN: EEUKWG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruiz Campillo X. Post-Paris Agreement Negotiations: A Commitment to Multilateralism Despite the Lack of Funding // Environmental Science and Policy. 2024. Vol. 156. Art. 103754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103754; EDN: EEUKWG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salimi Turkamani, H. (2025). The challenge of phasing out fossil fuels for highly fossil fuel-dependent countries in international law. Leiden Journal of International Law, 38(4), 861–880. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156525100319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salimi Turkamani H. The Challenge of Phasing Out Fossil Fuels for Highly Fossil Fuel-Dependent Countries in International Law // Leiden Journal of International Law. 2025. Vol. 38, iss. 4. P. 861–880. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156525100319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sprinz, D. F., &amp; Weiß, M. (2001). Domestic politics and global climate policy. In U. Luterbacher &amp; D. F. Sprinz (Eds.), International relations and global climate change (pp. 67–94). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sprinz D. F., Weiß M. Domestic Politics and Global Climate Policy // International Relations and Global Climate Change / ed. by U. Luterbacher, D. F. Sprinz. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, 2001. P. 67–94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thakur, S. (2021). From Kyoto to Paris and beyond: The emerging politics of climate change. India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 77(3), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749284211027252; EDN: PQYSEZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thakur S. From Kyoto to Paris and Beyond: The Emerging Politics of Climate Change // India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs. 2021. Vol. 77, iss. 3. P. 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749284211027252; EDN: PQYSEZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson, A. (2025). From rivals to partners: The cooptation of emerging powers into the climate regime. Contemporary Security Policy, 46(1), 126–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2024.2420477</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson A. From Rivals to Partners: The Cooptation of Emerging Powers into the Climate Regime // Contemporary Security Policy. 2025. Vol. 46, iss. 1. P. 126–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2024.2420477</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushadevi, S., Rassuli, H., Hashimi, Q., &amp; Kumar, C. (2024). Climate diplomacy milestones: A comparative analysis of Conference of the Parties summits. International Environmental Legal Research Journal, 2(1), 25–40. Retrieved from https://ielrj.iledu.in/climate-diplacy-milestones-a-comparative-analysis-of-conference-of-the-parties-summits/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ushadevi S., Rassuli H., Hashimi Q., Kumar C. Climate Diplomacy Milestones: A Comparative Analysis of Conference of the Parties Summits // International Environmental Legal Research Journal. 2024. Vol. 2, no. 1. P. 25–40. URL: https://ielrj.iledu.in/climate-diplacy-milestones-a-comparative-analysis-of-conference-of-the-parties-summits/ (accessed: 26.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Asselt, H. (2021). Governing fossil fuel production in the age of climate disruption: Towards an international law of “leaving it in the ground”. Earth System Governance, 9, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100118; EDN: FSXEEK</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Asselt H. Governing Fossil Fuel Production in the Age of Climate Disruption: Towards an International Law of “Leaving It in the Ground” // Earth System Governance. 2021. Vol. 9. Art. 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100118; EDN: FSXEEK</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogler, J. (2022). Mainstream theories: Realism, rationalism and revolutionism. In P. G. Harris (Ed.), Routledge handbook of global environmental politics (2nd ed., pp. 33–44). London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogler J. Mainstream Theories: Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism // Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics / ed. by P. G. Harris. 2nd ed. London : Routledge, 2022. P. 33–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamin, F., &amp; Depledge, J. (2004). The international climate change regime: A guide to rules, institutions and procedures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494659; EDN: QWPAIN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamin F., Depledge J. The International Climate Change Regime: A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494659; EDN: QWPAIN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
