<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52876</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2026-26-3-559-577</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GPJMHA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BILATERIAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДВУСТОРОННИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>双方关系</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A Conditional Axis of Resistance: Strategic Convergence between Iran and Venezuela in the Context of Occidentalism</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Условная ось сопротивления: стратегическое сближение Ирана и Венесуэлы в контексте оксидентализма</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1564-3995</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kocatepe</surname><given-names>Damla</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коджатепе</surname><given-names>Дамла</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Dr.Sc. (International Relations), Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Турция, 36000, г. Карс, ул. Шехитлера</p></bio><email>dml.sahinn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-7712</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alizada</surname><given-names>Nazrin</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ализада</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (International Relations), Associate Professor, Department of International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD (международные отношения), доцент кафедры международных отношений</p></bio><email>nazrin.alizada@mku.edu.tr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kafkas University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Кафкаса</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hatay Mustafa Kemal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Хатайский университет имени Мустафы Кемаля</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Regional Aspects of Contemporary International Relations</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Региональные аспекты современных международных отношений</issue-title><fpage>559</fpage><lpage>577</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kocatepe D., Alizada N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Коджатепе Д., Ализада Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Kocatepe D., Alizada N.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kocatepe D., Alizada N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коджатепе Д., Ализада Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Kocatepe D., Alizada N.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/52876">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/52876</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article analyzes the strategic and ideological dimensions of the Iran-Venezuela partnership under conditions of sustained international sanctions as a form of counter-hegemonic alignment. It argues that the recent U.S.-led geopolitical maneuvers in the Venezuelan context, together with the newly imposed sanctions targeting the Iran-Venezuela nexus, indicate that this relationship cannot be explained as a merely conjunctural or reactive alignment. Rather, it reflects a deeper pattern of strategic convergence shaped by shared experiences of coercive pressure, political isolation, and contested sovereignty. Situated within an international order marked by increasing multipolarity and weakening normative consensus, the study employs a qualitative and comparative methodology, combining discourse analysis of official statements with empirical evidence on energy cooperation, defense-related collaboration, and diplomatic coordination. The analysis is theoretically informed by Occidentalism and the Resistance Axis framework, allowing for an examination of how material interests and ideological counter-discourses interact to maintain bilateral alignment beyond short-term instrumental incentives. The findings identify three interrelated dynamics: the conversion of shared economic vulnerability into structured energy cooperation; the development of limited asymmetric security collaboration as a deterrent to external intervention; and coordinated diplomatic engagement in multilateral forums. While institutional fragilities and external constraints limit the formalization of the partnership, its ideological depth enhances resilience during periods of relative foreign policy autonomy. Thus, the Iran-Venezuela axis thus represents a conditional and adaptive form of counter-hegemonic alignment within the evolving post-unipolar international system.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проанализированы стратегические и идеологические измерения партнерства между Ираном и Венесуэлой как форма контргегемонистского сближения в условиях длительного международного санкционного давления. Утверждается, что недавние геополитические маневры под руководством США в венесуэльском контексте, а также новые санкции, направленные против иранско-венесуэльского взаимодействия, свидетельствуют о том, что данное сотрудничество не может быть сведено лишь к конъюнктурному или реактивному союзу. Напротив, оно отражает более глубокую модель стратегической конвергенции, сформированную под воздействием общего опыта принудительного давления, политической изоляции и оспариваемого суверенитета. Рассматриваемое в рамках международного порядка, характеризующегося ростом многополярности и ослаблением нормативного консенсуса, исследование опирается на качественный и сравнительный методологический подход, сочетающий дискурсивный анализ официальных заявлений с эмпирическими данными о сотрудничестве в энергетической сфере, взаимодействии в области обороны и дипломатической координации. Теоретическую основу анализа составляют концепции оксидентализма и «оси сопротивления», что позволяет выявить, каким образом материальные интересы и идеологические контрдискурсы взаимосвязаны и способствуют поддержанию двустороннего сближения за пределами краткосрочных и сугубо инструментальных стимулов. Результаты исследования позволяют выделить три взаимосвязанные динамики: трансформацию общей экономической уязвимости в структурированное энергетическое сотрудничество, формирование ограниченного асимметричного взаимодействия в сфере безопасности в качестве средства сдерживания внешнего вмешательства, а также координированную дипломатическую активность на многосторонних площадках. Несмотря на то, что институциональная хрупкость и внешние ограничения препятствуют полной формализации данного партнерства, его идеологическая глубина способствует повышению устойчивости в периоды относительной автономии внешней политики. Таким образом, иранско-венесуэльская ось представляет собой условную и адаптивную форму контргегемонистского сближения в рамках формирующейся постоднополярной международной системы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Iranian-Venezuelan relations</kwd><kwd>counter-sanction hegemony</kwd><kwd>political autonomy</kwd><kwd>dual partnership</kwd><kwd>ideological alignment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иранско-венесуэльские отношения</kwd><kwd>контрсанкционная гегемония</kwd><kwd>политическая автономия</kwd><kwd>двухуровневое партнерство</kwd><kwd>идеологическая согласованность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmad, J. A. (1984). Occidentosis: A plague from the West (R. Campbell, Trans.). Berkeley: Mizan Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грачева А. М., Маргоев А. Р. Не Запад, но Восток: ориентиры внешней политики Ирана в условиях «новой холодной войны» // «Новая холодная война» в Азии: глобальное и региональное измерение / под ред. Д.В. Стрельцова. Москва : Аспект Пресс, 2025. С. 197–214. EDN: ZGYBAG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akbar, A. (2023). Iran’s soft power in Venezuela. Third World Quarterly, 44(2), 246–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2142553; EDN: DAVLWR</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmad J. A. Occidentosis : A Plague from the West / trans. by R. Campbell. Berkeley : Mizan Press, 1984.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Azm, S. J. (2019). Occidentalism, conspiracy and taboo: Collected essays on Islam and politics (Vol. 4). Berlin: Gerlach Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvq4bzhx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akbar A. Iran’s Soft Power in Venezuela // Third World Quarterly. 2023. Vol. 44, iss. 2. P. 246–265. https:// doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2142553; EDN: DAVLWR</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslanian, F. (2025). US sanctions and cooperation among targets: The case of cooperation between Iran and Venezuela. Middle East Critique, 34(4), 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2025.2520645</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Azm S. J. Occidentalism, Conspiracy and Taboo : Collected Essays on Islam and Politics : Vol. 4. Berlin : Gerlach Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvq4bzhx</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayoumi, M., &amp; Rubin, A. (Eds.). (2000). The Edward Said reader. New York: Vintage Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslanian F. US Sanctions and Cooperation Among Targets: The Case of Cooperation Between Iran and Venezuela // Middle East Critique. 2025. Vol. 34, iss. 4. P. 703–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2025.2520645</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosworth, J. (2021). Venezuela’s relations with Iran. In C. J. Arnson (Ed.), Venezuela’s authoritarian allies: The ties that bind? (pp. 192–213). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. (*The activities of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars have been designated as undesirable within the territory of the Russian Federation (Editor’s note).)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosworth J. Venezuela’s Relations with Iran // Venezuela’s Authoritarian Allies: The Ties That Bind? / ed. by C. J. Arnson.  Washington, DC : Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars*, 2021. P. 192–213. (*Деятельность Международного научного центра им. Вудро Вильсона (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) признана нежелательной не территории Российской Федерации (Прим. ред.)).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brun, E. (2008). Irán—Venezuela: Hacia un acercamiento completo. Politeia, 31(40), 19–40. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1700/170018396002.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brun E. Irán—Venezuela: Hacia un Acercamiento Completo // Politeia. 2008. Vol. 31, no. 40. P. 19–40. URL: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1700/170018396002.pdf (accessed: 15.12.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buruma, I., &amp; Margalit, A. (2004). Occidentalism: The West in the eyes of its enemies. New York: The Penguin Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buruma I., Margalit A. Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies. New York : The Penguin Books, 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calderon, S., &amp; Holman, M. (2014). Sharing the same demons: The Venezuelan-Iranian alliance and their anti-U.S. ideology. Florida Atlantic University Undergraduate Research Journal, 3(1), 47–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calderon S., Holman M. Sharing the Same Demons: The Venezuelan-Iranian Alliance and Their Anti-U.S. Ideology // Florida Atlantic University Undergraduate Research Journal. 2014. Vol. 3, no. 1. P. 47–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardozo, A., &amp; Niño, C. (2023). Irán y Venezuela: Del realismo periférico a la diplomacia resiliente (1999–2023). Revista Relaciones Internacionales, 96(1), 165–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardozo A., Niño C. Irán y Venezuela: del Realismo Periférico a la Diplomacia Resiliente (1999–2023) // Revista Relaciones Internacionales. 2023. Vol. 96, no. 1. P. 165–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colmenares, A. (2025). Political disputes, economic sanctions, and use of cryptocurrencies in Iran and Venezuela. RUDN Journal of Public Administration, 12(2), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2025-12-2-255-280; EDN: QDQOWJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colmenares A. Political Disputes, Economic Sanctions, and Use of Cryptocurrencies in Iran and Venezuela // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Государственное и муниципальное управление. 2025. Т. 12, № 2. С. 255–280. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8313-2025-12-2-255-280; EDN: QDQOWJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Azevedo, C. V. (2018). Venezuela’s toxic relations with Iran and Hezbollah: An avenue of violence, crime, corruption and terrorism. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Policiais, 9(1), 43–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Azevedo C. V. Venezuela’s Toxic Relations with Iran and Hezbollah: An Avenue of Violence, Crime, Corruption and Terrorism // Revista Brasileira de Ciências Policiais. 2018. Vol. 9, no. 1. P. 43–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fathollah-Nejad, A. (2021). Iran in an emerging new world order: From Ahmadinejad to Rouhani. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6074-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fathollah-Nejad A. Iran in an Emerging New World Order : From Ahmadinejad to Rouhani. Singapore : Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6074-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goforth, S. (2012). Axis of unity: Venezuela, Iran and the threat to America. Lincoln: Potomac Books. EDN: VQKCUX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goforth S. Axis of Unity : Venezuela, Iran and the Threat to America. Lincoln : Potomac Books, 2012. EDN: VQKCUX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodarzi, J. M. (2013). Syria and Iran: Alliance cooperation in a changing regional environment. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 4(2), 31–54. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/209654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodarzi J. M. Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment // Ortadoğu Etütleri. 2013. Vol. 4, no. 2. P. 31–54. URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/209654 (accessed: 12.02.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gracheva, A. M., &amp; Margoev, A. R. (2025). Not the West, but the East: Iran’s foreign policy guidelines in the context of the “New Cold War”. In D. V. Streltsov (Ed.), “New Cold War” in Asia: Global and regional dimensions (pp. 197–214). Moscow: Aspekt Press publ. (In Russian). EDN: ZGYBAG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lacan J. The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience // Écrits : The First Complete Edition in English / ed. by B. Fink. New York ; London : W. W. Norton &amp; Company, 1949. P. 75–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lacan, J. (1949). The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience. In B. Fink (Ed.), Écrits: The first complete edition in English (pp. 75–81). New York; London: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lob E. Khomeini Meets Bolivar: Iran’s Expanding Relations with Venezuela and Bolivia Through Their Presidents, Postures, and Pressures // Middle East Critique. Vol. 34, iss. 4. 2025. P. 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2025.2520644; EDN: QRODCL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lob, E. (2025). Khomeini meets Bolivar: Iran’s expanding relations with Venezuela and Bolivia through their presidents, postures, and pressures. Middle East Critique, 34(4), 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2025.2520644; EDN: QRODCL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mokhtar A. Latin America: A New Market for Iranian Drones // Journal for Iranian Studies. 2024. Vol. 8, iss. 19. P. 63–79. URL: https://rasanah-iiis.org/english/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/Latin-America-A-New-Market-for-Iranian-Drones.pdf (accessed: 12.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokhtar, A. (2024). Latin America: A new market for Iranian drones. Journal for Iranian Studies, 8(19), 63–79. Retrieved from https://rasanah-iiis.org/english/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/06/Latin-America-A-New-Market-for-Iranian-Drones.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molina E. L. Las Relaciones Diplomáticas Venezuela—Irán (1999–2013) // Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos. 2024. Vol. 19, no. 37. P. 61–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molina, E. L. (2024). Las relaciones diplomáticas Venezuela—Irán (1999–2013). Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos, 19(37), 61–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moradi A., Hamzeh F. Charchub-e manafe va rahbord-e zheopolitiki-amniyati-ye Iran dar keshvarha-ye mantaqe-ye Amrika-ye Latin [Концептуальные рамки интересов и геополитико-секьюритарной стратегии Ирана в странах Латиноамериканского региона] // Faslname-ye Mohit-e Rahbordi [Ежеквартальный журнал стратегической экологии]. 2021. Vol. 4, no. 13. Р. 135–162. (На фарси). URL: https://journals.sndu.ac.ir/article_2152_7553b424d76d0f7a347b6b17b146269a.pdf (accessed: 12.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moradi, A., &amp; Hamzeh, F. (2021). Charchub-e manafe va rahbord-e zheopolitiki-amniyati-ye Iran dar keshvarha-ye mantaqe-ye Amrika-ye Latin [Conceptual framework of Iran’s interests and geopolitical-security strategy in the countries of the Latin American region]. Faslname-ye Mohit-e Rahbordi [Quarterly Journal of Strategic Ecology], 4(13), 135–162. (In Persian). Retrieved from https://journals.sndu.ac.ir/article_2152_7553b424d76d0f7a347b6b17b146269a.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreno M. Irán en el Actual Escenario Internacional: el Ascenso de las Relaciones con América Latina // V Congreso de Relaciones Internacionales (La Plata, 2010). 2010. P. 61–97. URL: https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/contra-relatos/article/view/20155/19815 (accessed: 15.12.20250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreno, M. (2010). Irán en el actual escenario internacional: El ascenso de las relaciones con América Latina. V Congreso de Relaciones Internacionales (La Plata, 2010), 61–97. Retrieved from https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/contra-relatos/article/view/20155/19815</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perletta G. Iran’s Foreign Policy from Non-Alignment to ‘Look to the East’: Between Ideology and Pragmatism // Middle East Critique. 2025. Vol. 34, iss. 1. P. 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2024.2384805</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perletta, G. (2025). Iran’s foreign policy from non-alignment to “look to the East”: Between ideology and pragmatism. Middle East Critique, 34(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2024.2384805</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Razavi S. A., Pirani S. Barresi-ye rahbordha va siyasat-haye zed-tahrimi-ye tejarat-e naft-e Venezuela va moqayese-ye an ba rahbordha-ye Iran [Анализ стратегий и антисанкционной политики в сфере торговли нефтью Венесуэлы и их сравнение со стратегиями Ирана] // A Quarterly Journal of Economic Strategy. 2021. Vol. 10, iss. 37. P. 351–386. (На фарси). URL: https://econrahbord.csr.ir/article_139478_572ebd1aee905782e 772d67911de286f.pdf?lang=en (accessed: 01.02.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razavi, S. A., &amp; Pirani, S. (2021). Barresi-ye rahbordha va siyasat-haye zed-tahrimi-ye tejarat-e naft-e Venezuela va moqayese-ye an ba rahbordha-ye Iran [An analysis of Venezuela’s oil trade strategies and anti-sanctions policies and their comparison with Iran’s strategies]. A Quarterly Journal of Economic Strategy, 10(37), 351–386. (In Persian). Retrieved from https://econrahbord.csr.ir/article_139478_572ebd1aee905782e772d67911de286f.pdf?lang=en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shabani A., Nakhli S. R. Molfeh cpehei Egtesad Moghavomti dar Adbiat Raij ve dar Bian Mogham Moazam Rayabri [Компоненты экономики сопротивления в популярной литературе и в заявлениях Рахбара] // Quarterly Scientific-Research Journal of Security Horizons. 2014. Vol. 7, iss. 25. P. 55–88. (На фарси). URL: https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_200476_b4a140fe656559494e73539f0bf2318d.pdf (accessed:01.02.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabani, A., &amp; Nakhli, S. R. (2014). Molfeh cpehei Egtesad Moghavomti dar Adbiat Raij ve dar Bian Mogham Moazam Rayabri [Components of the economy of resistance in popular literature and in statements of the Supreme Leader]. Quarterly Scientific-Research Journal of Security Horizons, 7(25), 55–88. (In Persian). Retrieved from https://ps.ihu.ac.ir/article_200476_b4a140fe656559494e73539f0bf2318d.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shay S. The Axis of Evil : Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian Terror. New York : Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351322485</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shay, S. (2017). The axis of evil: Iran, Hizballah, and the Palestinian terror. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351322485</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soage A. B. The Conservative-Resistance Camp: The Axis of Resistance // The Regional Order in the Gulf Region and the Middle East / ed. by P. Amour. Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. P. 95–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45465-4_4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soage, A. B. (2020). The conservative-resistance camp: The axis of resistance. In P. Amour (Ed.), The regional order in the Gulf region and the Middle East (pp. 95–129). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45465-4_4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stuenkel O. Institutionalizing South-South Cooperation: Towards a New Paradigm? United Nations High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, 2013. P. 1–25. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299994175_Institutionalizing_South-South_Cooperation_Towards_a_New_Paradigm (accessed:01.02.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stuenkel, O. (2013). Institutionalizing South-South cooperation: Towards a new paradigm? United Nations High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, 1–25. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299994175_Institutionalizing_South-South_Cooperation_Towards_a_New_Paradigm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tabatabai A. M. No Conquest, No Defeat : Iran’s National Security Strategy. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534601.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tabatabai, A. M. (2020). No conquest, no defeat: Iran’s national security strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534601.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Edward Said Reader / ed. by M. Bayoumi, A. Rubin. New York : Vintage Books, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
