<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52874</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2026-26-3-528-541</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DZICCP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Türkiye and Sub-Saharan Africa: Current State and Prospects for Multi-vector Cooperation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Турция и страны Африки южнее Сахары: состояние и перспективы многовекторного сотрудничества</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-3503</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9099-3634</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (History), Leading Researcher, Head, Center for the Study of Tropical Africa</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующая, Центр изучения стран Тропической Африки</p></bio><email>tsden@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9983-9994</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2391-3452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostelyanets</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костелянец</surname><given-names>Сергей Валерьянович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Sciences), Leading Researcher, Head, Center for Sociological and Political Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий, Центр социологических и политологических исследований</p></bio><email>sergey.kostelyanyets@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт Африки РАН</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Regional Aspects of Contemporary International Relations</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Региональные аспекты современных международных отношений</issue-title><fpage>528</fpage><lpage>541</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Denisova T.S., Kostelyanets S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Денисова Т.С., Костелянец С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Denisova T., Kostelyanets S.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Denisova T.S., Kostelyanets S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Денисова Т.С., Костелянец С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Denisova T., Kostelyanets S.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/52874">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/52874</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Since the mid-2000s, the expansion of contacts with African countries in socio-economic and military-political spheres has become one of the main directions of Ankara’s foreign policy and foreign economic activity. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Ankara’s policy towards Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, based on official documents of the Turkish government, trade and investment statistics, as well as academic literature and reports from leading international think tanks. The study examines Türkiye’s multi-vector and multi-factor cooperation with SSA, which encompasses aid to the least developed countries, trade, investment, the implementation of joint economic projects, education, healthcare, military training, and security services. The novelty of the research lies in its systemic approach, which considers economic, military-technical, political, and religious aspects as integral parts of a single strategy to strengthen Türkiye’s status as a “global center of power.” Economic interaction is illustrated by the growth of Türkiye’s trade with SSA countries from USD 742 million in 2000 to USD 12.4 billion in 2023, as well as investments by Turkish companies in infrastructure, energy, and construction. Military-technical cooperation includes the supply of arms and training of African military specialists. Although Ankara traditionally maintains the closest relations with the North African region, the partnership options it offers to countries south of the Sahara are generating increasing interest in this part of the continent, notably due to the anti-neocolonial rhetoric of the Turkish leadership. The authors of the paper emphasize that cooperation with Africa has become a key element of Türkiye’s strategy to diversify its foreign relations and enhance its global influence, which injects new dynamism into international relations on the African continent.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>С середины 2000-х гг. расширение контактов с африканскими странами в социально-экономической и военно-политической сферах стало одним из главных направлений внешнеполитической и внешнеэкономической деятельности Анкары. Исследование посвящено комплексному анализу этой политики в отношении стран Африки южнее Сахары (АЮС), основанному на изучении официальных документов турецкого правительства, статистических данных по торговле и инвестициям, а также на обзоре академической литературы и докладов ведущих исследовательских центров. Рассмотрено многовекторное и многофакторное сотрудничество Турции со странами АЮС, которое охватывает помощь наименее развитым государствам, торговлю, инвестирование, реализацию совместных экономических проектов, образование, здравоохранение, военную подготовку и предоставление услуг по обеспечению безопасности. Новизна исследования заключается в системном подходе, рассматривающем экономические, военно-технические, политические и религиозные аспекты как неотъемлемые части единой стратегии по укреплению статуса Турции как одного из «мировых центров силы». Экономическое взаимодействие иллюстрируется ростом товарооборота Турции со странами АЮС с 742 млн долл. США в 2000 г. до 12,4 млрд долл. США в 2023 г., а также инвестициями турецких компаний в инфраструктуру, энергетику и строительство. Военно-техническое сотрудничество включает поставки вооружений и подготовку африканских военных специалистов. Хотя наиболее тесные отношения традиционно сохраняются Анкарой с североафриканским регионом, варианты партнерства, предлагаемые ею странам Африки южнее Сахары, вызывают в этой части континента все больший интерес, в том числе благодаря антинеоколониальной риторике турецкого руководства. Подчеркнуто, что для Турции сотрудничество с Африкой стало важным элементом ее стратегии по диверсификации внешних связей и усилению ее влияния на глобальном уровне.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic cooperation</kwd><kwd>political contacts</kwd><kwd>development aid</kwd><kwd>security</kwd><kwd>peacekeeping</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономическое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>политические контакты</kwd><kwd>помощь в целях развития</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>миротворчество</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование подготовлено при поддержке гранта Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ на проведение крупных научных проектов по приоритетным направлениям научно-технологического развития № 075-15-2024-551 «Глобальные и региональные центры силы в формирующемся мироустройстве».</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This study was prepared with the support of a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for major scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development No. 075-15-2024-551 “Global and Regional Centers of Power in the Emerging World Order.”</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksanyan, L. M. (2023). Policy of Turkey towards Africa at the present stage (political, economic, humanitarian aspects). Social Sciences and Humanities. Domestic and Foreign Literature. Series 9: Oriental and African Studies, (2), 67–80. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31249/RVA/2023.02.03; EDN: MJERYS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексанян Л. М. Политика Турции в Африке на современном этапе (политический, экономический, гуманитарный аспекты) // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Отечественная и зарубежная литература. Серия 9: Востоковедение и африканистика. 2023. № 2. С. 67–80. https://doi.org/10.31249/RVA/2023.02.03; EDN: MJERYS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armutlu, İ. (2025). Konstrüktivist perspektiften Türkiye—Afrika ülkeleri ilişkilerinin dönüşümü: Tarihsel arka plan, politik ve ekonomik gelecek perspektifleri. Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 10(1), 222–254. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4182474</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков С. Н., Дейч Т. Л. Конференция «Африка в условиях формирования полицентричного мира» // Ученые записки Института Африки РАН. 2020. № 2. С. 66–98. https://doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2020-51-2-66-98; EDN: SLIYCP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aydın, H., &amp; Liu, Y. (2024). Questioning the West and creating an alternative: China’s and Türkiye’s similar approaches toward Africa. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 251–273. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2024263.14; EDN: OLODXX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Денисова Т. С., Костелянец С. В. От торговли к геополитике: трансформация роли ОАЭ в Африке южнее Сахары // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2025. Т. 18, № 3. С. 98–114. https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2025.03.06; EDN: DVEGFW</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagci, H., &amp; Erdurmaz, S. (2017). Libya and Turkey’s expansion policy in Africa. JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations, 8(2), 38–52. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4135/413553386004.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евграфов А. И. Торговые отношения Турции со странами Африки в XXI в.: основные тренды развития // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13: Востоковедение. 2024. Т. 68, № 3. С. 176–189. EDN: LEFSBK</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demirtaş, B., &amp; Pirinççi, A. (2024). Türkiye’s security policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A constructivist analysis. Insight Turkey, 26(3), 103–130. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2024263.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костелянец С. В. Политика Турции на африканском направлении: новые тенденции в выборе партнеров // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2016. № 7. С. 30–35. EDN: WMUFAZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denisova, T. S., &amp; Kostelyanets, S. V. (2025). From trade to geopolitics: The transformation of the UAE’s role in Sub-Saharan Africa. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, 18(3), 98–114. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2025.03.06; EDN: DVEGFW</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костелянец С. В. Турция и Африка: сотрудничество развивается // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2012. № 10. С. 36–40. EDN: PFQFZN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ersoy, E. (2012). Turkish foreign policy toward the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Turkish Studies, 13(4), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2012.746440</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мосаки Н. З. Образовательная экспансия Турции в Африке // Вопросы образования. 2013. № 2. С. 49–66. https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2013-2-49-66; EDN: QJBMNX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evgrafov, A. I. (2024). Turkey’s trade relations with African countries in the 21st century: Major trends and development dynamics. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 13: Vostokovedenie, 68(3), 176–189. (In Russian). EDN: LEFSBK</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Озтюрк М., Шишкина А. Р. Региональные державы в ливийском пространстве: противостояние турецко-катарского и саудовско-эмиратского блоков // Системный мониторинг глобальных и региональных рисков : ежегодник : Т. 11, ч. 2 / отв. ред. Л. Е. Гринин, А. В. Коротаев, Д. А. Быканова. Волгоград : Учитель, 2020. С. 747–771. EDN: IPHFVY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guner, E. (2021). NGOization of Islamic education: The post-coup Turkish state and Sufi orders in Africa south of the Sahara. Religions, 12(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010024; EDN: KWZYOP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова Г. М., Поспелов Н. В. Взаимодействие Турецкой Республики с Африкой в контексте обеспечения национальных интересов // Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Общественные науки. 2021. № 2. С. 165–173. https://doi.org/10.52070/2500-347Х_2021_2_843_165; EDN: MSMUCB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haynes, J. (2022). Religious and economic soft power in Ghana—Turkey relations. Religions, 13(11), 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13111030; EDN: VSTBOV</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ягья В. С., Колесникова М. А. «Три кита» турецкой политики в Африке // Сравнительная политика. 2018. Т. 9, № 1. С. 37–59. https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2018-00004; EDN: YRIDOZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iag’ia, V. S., &amp; Kolesnikova, M. A. (2018). The three pillars of Turkish policy in Africa. Comparative Politics Russia, 9(1), 37–59. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2018-00004; EDN: YRIDOZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armutlu İ. Konstrüktivist Perspektiften Türkiye—Afrika Ülkeleri İlişkilerinin Dönüşümü: Tarihsel Arka Plan, Politik ve Ekonomik Gelecek Perspektifleri // Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi. 2025. Vol. 10, no. 1. P. 222–254. URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4182474 (accessed: 04.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ipek, V., &amp; Biltekin, G. (2013). Turkey’s foreign policy implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A post-international approach. New Perspectives on Turkey, 49, 121–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600002065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydın H., Liu Y. Questioning the West and Creating an Alternative: China’s and Türkiye’s Similar Approaches toward Africa // Insight Turkey. 2024. Vol. 26, no. 3. P. 251–273. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2024263.14; EDN: OLODXX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostelyanets, S. V. (2012). Türkiye and Africa: Cooperation develops. Asia and Africa Today, (10), 36–40. (In Russian). EDN: PFQFZN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagci H., Erdurmaz S. Libya and Turkey’s Expansion Policy in Africa // JANUS.NET, e-journal of International Relations. 2017. Vol. 8, no. 2. P. 38–52. URL: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4135/413553386004.pdf (accessed: 04.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostelyanets, S. V. (2016). Turkey’s Africa policy: Looking for new partners. Asia and Africa Today, (7), 30–35. (In Russian). EDN: WMUFAZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demirtaş B., Pirinççi A. Türkiye’s Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Constructivist Analysis // Insight Turkey. 2024. Vol. 26, no. 3. P. 103–129. https://doi.org/10.25253/99.2024263.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurç, Ç. (2024). No strings attached: Understanding Turkey’s arms exports to Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 26(3), 378–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2236515; EDN: DJPXXB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ersoy E. Turkish Foreign Policy Toward the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) // Turkish Studies. 2012. Vol. 13, iss. 4. P. 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2012.746440</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mosaki, N. Z. (2013). Educational expansion of Turkey in Africa. Educational Studies. Moscow, (2), 49–66. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2013-2-49-66; EDN: QJBMNX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guner E. NGOization of Islamic Education: The Post-Coup Turkish State and Sufi Orders in Africa South of the Sahara // Religions. 2021. Vol. 12, no. 1. Art. 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12010024; EDN: KWZYOP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozturk, M., &amp; Shishkina, A. R. (2020). Regional powers in the Libyan space: Confrontation between the Turkish-Qatari and Saudi-Emirati blocs. In L. E. Grinin, A. V. Korotaev &amp; D. A. Bykanova (Eds.), Systemic monitoring of global and regional risks: Yearbook (Vol. 11, Pt. 2, pp. 747–771). Volgograd: Uchitel publ. (In Russian). EDN: IPHFVY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haynes J. Religious and Economic Soft Power in Ghana—Turkey Relations // Religions. 2022. Vol. 13, no. 11. Art. 1030. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13111030; EDN: VSTBOV</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudincová, K. (2014). New player on the scene: Turkish engagement in Africa. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, (25), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.2478/BOG-2014-0039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ipek V., Biltekin G. Turkey’s Foreign Policy Implementation in sub-Saharan Africa: A Post-International Approach // New Perspectives on Turkey. 2013. Vol. 49. Р. 121–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600002065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, G. M., &amp; Pospelov, N. V. (2021). Interaction of the Republic of Turkey with Africa in the context of ensuring national interests at the present stage. Vestnik of Moscow State Linguistic University. Social Sciences, (2), 165–173. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.52070/2500-347Х_2021_2_843_165; EDN: MSMUCB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurç Ç. No Strings Attached: Understanding Turkey’s Arms Exports to Africa // Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 2024. Vol. 26, iss. 3. P. 378–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2023.2236515; EDN: DJPXXB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siradag, A. (2022). The rise of Turkey’s soft power in Africa: Reasons, dynamics, and constraints. International Journal of Political Studies, 8(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.25272/1icps.1117810</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudincová K. New Player on the Scene: Turkish Engagement in Africa // Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series. 2014. No. 25. P. 197–213. https://doi.org/10.2478/BOG-2014-0039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov, S. N., &amp; Deych, T. L. (2020). Conference “Africa in the context of the formation of a polycentric world.” Journal of the Institute for African Studies, (2), 66–98. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2020-51-2-66-98; EDN: SLIYCP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siradag A. The Rise of Turkey’s Soft Power in Africa: Reasons, Dynamics, and Constraints // International Journal of Political Studies. 2022. Vol. 8, no. 2. P. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.25272/1icps.1117810</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
