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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49510</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2026-26-1-126-137</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">STRLUR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGIONAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject></subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanisms for Legitimizing Interventions in Spain’s Foreign Policy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Механизмы легитимации интервенций во внешней политике Испании</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-4515</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1040-6175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>Arina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>Арина Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Sciences), PhD (Complutense University of Madrid), Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations and General History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, доктор наук (Мадридский университет Комплутенсе), младший профессор департамента международных отношений и всеобщей истории</p></bio><email>arandree@ucm.es</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Complutense University of Madrid</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Мадридский университет Комплутенсе</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Strategic Stability, Global and Regional Security</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Стратегическая стабильность, глобальная и региональная безопасность</issue-title><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>137</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-05"><day>05</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Andreeva A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Андреева А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Andreeva A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andreeva A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андреева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Andreeva A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/49510">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/49510</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The “end of history” proclaimed at the close of the 20th century, alongside the rise of the humanitarian agenda, globalization, and the redistribution of centers of power, has significantly influenced the reorganization of the post-bipolar world order. A key focus has been the discourse on whether states may violate the sovereign borders of another in order to prevent mass civilian casualties. This study examines illegitimate military interventions involving Spain, initiated and led by the United States, and the factors that influenced Spain’s decisions to join military campaigns not sanctioned by the UN Security Council. By identifying the distinctive approaches to the use of force within realism, liberalism, and structuralism, and by incorporating insights from the behavioral approach to international relations, the article analyzes the evolution of foreign policy decision-making in democratic Spain. Using Spain’s first humanitarian interventions in Kosovo (1999) and Iraq (2003) as case studies, it reconstructs the opportunistic and structural factors that shaped the political decisions to deploy Spanish troops to these countries in violation of international law. The study concludes that support from civil society and inter-party consensus remain crucial for Spain when deciding whether to participate in interventions. The goals of such interventions must be consistent with considerations of responsibility for peace, rather than a demonstration of force that risks escalation and regional destabilization.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Конец истории, провозглашенный на исходе ХХ в., гуманистическая повестка, глобализация, а также перераспределение центров силы оказали существенное влияние на реорганизацию постбиполярного миропорядка. Особое место занял дискурс о том, могут ли государства нарушить суверенные границы другого, чтобы предотвратить массовую гибель мирного населения. Объект исследования - нелегитимные военные интервенции с участием Испании, инициированные США и реализуемые под их руководством, предмет исследования - факторы, оказавшие влияние на принятие Испанией решения о присоединении к военным кампаниям, не санкционированным Советом Безопасности (СБ) ООН. Выявляя особенности подходов к применению силы в реализме, либерализме и структурализме, а также учитывая наработки бихевиоралистского подхода к международным отношениям, автор анализирует механизм эволюции процесса принятия внешнеполитических решений в демократической Испании. На примере первых гуманитарных интервенций Испании в Косово (1999) и Ираке (2003) воссозданы конъюнктурные и структурные факторы, которые повлияли на принятие политических решений по отправке испанских войск в эти страны в нарушение норм международного права. Сделан вывод, что поддержка гражданским обществом внешнеполитических решений, а также партийный консенсус сохраняют ключевую значимость для Испании при принятии решения об участии в интервенциях. При этом цель интервенций должна согласовываться с соображениями ответственности за мир, а не демонстрировать силу, которая может привести к эскалации и дестабилизировать региональную обстановку.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>humanitarian interventions</kwd><kwd>national interests</kwd><kwd>security</kwd><kwd>humanism</kwd><kwd>Kosovo</kwd><kwd>Iraq</kwd><kwd>Libya</kwd><kwd>Syria</kwd><kwd>post-bipolar world order</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гуманитарные интервенции</kwd><kwd>национальные интересы</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>гуманизм</kwd><kwd>Косово</kwd><kwd>Ирак</kwd><kwd>Ливия</kwd><kwd>Сирия</kwd><kwd>постбиполярный миропорядок</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreeva, A. A. (2019). Peacekeeping processes in Latin America: The role of Spain. 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