<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49509</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2026-26-1-108-125</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SWEVWT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGIONAL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject></subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">‘Falling Backward’, or How Crises Affect Integration: The EU and the Energy Crisis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Падение назад», или Как кризисы влияют на интеграцию: ЕС и энергетический кризис</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-4603</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8049-2071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baykov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байков</surname><given-names>Андрей Анатольевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Science), Professor, Department of Applied International Analysis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры прикладного анализа международных проблем</p></bio><email>baykovaa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-2451</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2436-0202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Crowley-Vigneau</surname><given-names>Anne Sofi Luiz</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виньо</surname><given-names>Анн Софи Луиз</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Science), Professor, Department of Applied International Analysis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор политических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры прикладного анализа международных проблем</p></bio><email>vigneau.a@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-8837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalyuzhnova</surname><given-names>Yelena</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калюжнова</surname><given-names>Елена</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Economics), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD (экономика), профессор</p></bio><email>y.kalyuzhnova@henley.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MGIMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГИМО</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Henley Business School</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бизнес-школа Хенли</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Strategic Stability, Global and Regional Security</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Стратегическая стабильность, глобальная и региональная безопасность</issue-title><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-05"><day>05</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Baykov A.A., Crowley-Vigneau A.S., Kalyuzhnova Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Байков А.А., Виньо А.С., Калюжнова Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Baykov A., Crowley-Vigneau A., Kalyuzhnova Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baykov A.A., Crowley-Vigneau A.S., Kalyuzhnova Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Байков А.А., Виньо А.С., Калюжнова Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Baykov A., Crowley-Vigneau A., Kalyuzhnova Y.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/49509">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/49509</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper investigates the applicability of the concept of ‘falling forward’ to crisis management in the European Union. An idea central to the literature is that the EU draws upon crisis situations to enhance its power and influence, as member states are willing to delegate further competencies to EU organs in order to collectively solve pressing problems. The assumption that crisis situations lead to an increase in the power of the supranational entity has been the subject of multiple studies, yet, the long-term impact of this process, which takes place with minimal public accountability, has been largely neglected. We seek to go beyond the short-term effects of crises on integration, to determine how shock events impact integration structures in the long run. A mixed methods inquiry, based on 102 survey responses and 15 interviews with EU experts, triangulated with Eurobarometer results, reveals that accelerated integration can foster dissatisfaction, bringing about a surge in elections of extremist and Eurosceptic parties. These political changes could pose a significant threat to EU integration and may cause the union to ‘fall backward’ rather than ‘forward’, as is systematically predicted in the existing academic literature. The case-study of the 2022 energy crisis in the EU confirms that the regional organisation does indeed gain in power and influence as it works to manage and mitigate the repercussions of a crisis but that this strengthening gives rise to new challenges for the union. This paper yields novel theoretical insights into the spill-over process (including the original concept of ‘falling backward’) and the functioning of regional organisations as complex polities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрена применимость концепции «падения вперед» (falling forward) к управлению кризисной динамикой в Европейском союзе (ЕС). Согласно одной из влиятельных идей, широко представленных в научной литературе, наднациональный уровень ЕС использует кризисные ситуации для расширения полномочий наднациональных институтов, поскольку государства-члены готовы делегировать дополнительные компетенции органам ЕС для коллективного решения острых проблем. Данная идея стала предметом множества исследований, однако долгосрочные последствия таких ситуаций, имеющих место в условиях минимальной общественной подотчетности, остаются в значительной степени неизученными. Целью исследования является выход за рамки краткосрочных последствий кризисов для интеграции с тем, чтобы выявить, как шоковые события влияют на интеграционные структуры в долгосрочной перспективе. Исследование основано на смешанном методологическом подходе, включающем в себя опрос 102 респондентов и 15 полуструктурированных интервью с экспертами в области европейской интеграции. Полученные данные были сопоставлены с результатами Евробарометра. Показано, что форсированная интеграция в условиях кризиса, как правило, приводит к углублению общественного недовольства, способствуя росту популярности экстремистских и евроскептических партий. Отмеченные политические изменения могут представлять серьезную угрозу для европейской интеграции и приводить к «падению назад» (fall backward), а не «падению вперед» (fall forward), как это систематически предсказывалось в существующей академической литературе. Пример энергетического кризиса 2022 г. в ЕС подтверждает, что интеграционное объединение действительно усиливает свою власть и влияние, возглавляя процесс управления последствиями кризиса, однако это усиление со временем порождает для Союза новые вызовы. Предложена новая теоретическая трактовка процесса распространения эффектов интеграции (включая оригинальную концепцию «падения назад») и функционирования региональных интеграционных структур как разновидности многосоставной политии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>crisis management</kwd><kwd>integration</kwd><kwd>delegation of competencies</kwd><kwd>green transition</kwd><kwd>spill-over</kwd><kwd>Euroscepticism</kwd><kwd>public accountability</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кризисное управление</kwd><kwd>интеграция</kwd><kwd>делегирование компетенций</kwd><kwd>зеленый переход</kwd><kwd>побочные эффекты</kwd><kwd>евроскептицизм</kwd><kwd>подотчетность перед общественностью</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amadio Viceré, M. G., &amp; Sus, M. (2025). Organizing European security through informal groups: Insights from the European Union’s response to the Russian war in Ukraine. International Politics, 62(5), 931–946. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-024-00657-7; EDN: AANOEG</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аватков В. А. Популизм во внешней политике Турецкой Республики // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2021. Т. 21, № 3. С. 543–554. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-543-554; EDN: OILCHF</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anghel, V., &amp; Jones, E. (2022). Failing forward in Eastern Enlargement: Problem solving through problem making. Journal of European Public Policy, 29(7), 1092–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1927155; EDN: TATYFC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровский Ю. В. Политизация мировой энергетики: исторический и современный контекст // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2025. Т. 25, № 1. С. 45–55. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2025-25-1-45-55; EDN: JFALXT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avatkov, V. A. (2021). Populism in the foreign policy of the Turkish Republic. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 21(3), 543–554. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-543-554; EDN: OILCHF</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровский Ю. В., Шишкина О. В. Энергетическая политика ЕС и ее движущие силы // Полис. Политические исследования. 2022. № 3. С. 67–79. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2022.03.06; EDN: ARYIPL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben Cheikh, N., Ben Zaied, Y., &amp; Nguyen, D. K. (2023). Understanding energy poverty drivers in Europe. Energy Policy, 183, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113818; EDN: VDWQSM</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазаник С. В., Романова Т. А. Геополитика коннективности: ЕС в Центральной Азии // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2024. Т. 24, № 4. С. 563–575. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-4-563-575; EDN: LUQGDZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovsky, Yu. V. (2025). Politicization of global energy supply: Historical and contemporary context. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 25(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2025-25-1-45-55; EDN: JFALXT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пискулова Н. А. Энергопереход 4.0: влияние на экономические отношения России и ЕС // Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2022. № 1. С. 27–38. EDN: ULOWGP</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovsky, Yu. V., &amp; Shishkina, O. V. (2022). The EU’s energy policy and its driving forces. Polis. Political Studies, (3), 67–79. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2022.03.06; EDN: ARYIPL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amadio Viceré M. G., Sus M. Organizing European Security Through Informal Groups: Insights From the European Union’s Response to the Russian War in Ukraine // International Politics. 2025. Vol. 62, iss. 5. P. 931–946. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-024-00657-7; EDN: AANOEG</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Börzel, T. A., &amp; Risse, T. (2018). From the euro to the Schengen crises: European integration theories, politicization, and identity politics. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anghel V., Jones E. Failing Forward in Eastern Enlargement: Problem Solving Through Problem Making // Journal of European Public Policy. 2022. Vol. 29, iss. 7. P. 1092–1111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1927155; EDN: TATYFC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buzan, B., Wæver, O., &amp; de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben Cheikh N., Ben Zaied Y., Nguyen D. K. Understanding Energy Poverty Drivers in Europe // Energy Policy. 2023. Vol. 183. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113818; EDN: VDWQSM</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crowley‑Vigneau, A., Baykov, A., &amp; Kalyuzhnova, Y. (2025). Norms as instruments of non-violent rivalry? Russian views on the promotion of renewable energy. International Politics, 62(3), 718–738. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-024-00582-9; EDN: UQOSDL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Börzel T. A., Risse T. From the Euro to the Schengen Crises: European Integration Theories, Politicization, and Identity Politics // Journal of European Public Policy. 2018. Vol. 25, no. 1. P. 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Vries, C. E., &amp; Hobolt, S. (2020). Political entrepreneurs: The rise of challenger parties in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvt9k3d3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buzan B., Wæver O., de Wilde J. Security : A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delafield, G., Donnison, C., Roddis, P., Arvanitopoulos, T., Sfyridis, A., &amp; et al. (2021). Conceptual framework for balancing society and nature in net-zero energy transitions. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 125, 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.08.021; EDN: MATVUO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crowley-Vigneau A., Baykov A., Kalyuzhnova Y. Norms as Instruments of Non-Violent Rivalry? Russian Views on the Promotion of Renewable Energy // International Politics. 2025. Vol. 62, iss. 3. P. 718–738. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-024-00582-9; EDN: UQOSDL</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickel, R., Hassanzadeh, E., Henderson, J., Honoré, A., Stern, J., El‑Katiri, L., &amp; et al. (2014). Reducing European dependence on Russian gas — distinguishing natural gas security from geopolitics. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/NG-92.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Vries C. E., Hobolt S. Political Entrepreneurs : The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvt9k3d3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erhardt, J., &amp; Filsinger, M. (2025). A spectre of democracy: Are populist citizens less supportive of democracy? West European Politics, 48(7), 1599–1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2024.2398892</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delafield G., Donnison C., Roddis P., Arvanitopoulos T., Sfyridis A., et al. Conceptual Framework for Balancing Society and Nature in Net-Zero Energy Transitions // Environmental Science &amp; Policy. 2021. Vol. 125. P. 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.08.021; EDN: MATVUO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frischmann, B. M., &amp; Lemley, M. A. (2007). Spillovers. Columbia Law Review, 107(1), 257–301. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40041712</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickel R., Hassanzadeh E., Henderson J., Honoré A., Stern J., El-Katiri L. et al. Reducing European Dependence on Russian Gas — Distinguishing Natural Gas Security From Geopolitics. Oxford : Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2014. URL: http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/NG-92.pdf (accessed: 12.02.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genschel, P., &amp; Jachtenfuchs, M. (2018). From market integration to core state powers: The Eurozone crisis, the refugee crisis and integration theory. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1), 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12654</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erhardt J., Filsinger M. A Spectre of Democracy: Are Populist Citizens Less Supportive of Democracy? // West European Politics. 2025. Vol. 48, iss. 7. P. 1599–1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2024.2398892</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev, L. M., &amp; Kheifets, E. A. (2022). Oil markets between Scylla of recovery and Charybdis of climate policy. Russian Journal of Economics, 8(3), 207–233. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.95949; EDN: MXSGVE</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frischmann B. M., Lemley M. A. Spillovers // Columbia Law Review. 2007. Vol. 107, no. 1. P. 257–301. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40041712 (accessed: 10.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haas, E. B. (1958). The uniting of Europe: Political, social, and economic forces, 1950–1957. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genschel P., Jachtenfuchs M. From Market Integration to Core State Powers: The Eurozone Crisis, the Refugee Crisis and Integration Theory // JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 2018. Vol. 56, iss. 1. P. 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12654</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooghe, L., &amp; Marks, G. (2001). Multi-level governance and European integration. London: Bloomsbury Academic.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigoryev L. M., Kheifets E. A. Oil Markets Between Scylla of Recovery and Charybdis of Climate Policy // Russian Journal of Economics. 2022. Vol. 8, no. 3. P. 207–233. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.95949; EDN: MXSGVE</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hooghe, L., &amp; Marks, G. (2009). A postfunctionalist theory of European integration: From permissive consensus to constraining dissensus. British Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haas E. B. The Uniting of Europe : Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957. Stanford : Stanford University Press, 1958.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hussain, S. A., Razi, F., Hewage, K., &amp; Sadiq, R. (2023). The perspective of energy poverty and 1st energy crisis of green transition. Energy, 275, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127487; EDN: UYKVMB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooghe L., Marks G. Multi-Level Governance and European Integration. London : Bloomsbury Academic, 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keady, W., Panikkar, B., Nelson, I. L., &amp; Zia, A. (2021). Energy justice gaps in renewable energy transition policy initiatives in Vermont. Energy Policy, 159, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112608; EDN: ALOXQY</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hooghe L., Marks G. A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus // British Journal of Political Science. 2009. Vol. 39, iss. 1. P. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000409</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindberg, L., &amp; Scheingold, S. (1970). Europe’s would-be polity: Patterns of change in the European Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hussain S. A., Razi F., Hewage K., Sadiq R. The Perspective of Energy Poverty and 1st Energy Crisis of Green Transition // Energy. 2023. Vol. 275. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127487; EDN: UYKVMB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manoli, P. (2024). Greece’s response to Russia’s war on Ukraine. In A. Mihr &amp; C. Pierobon (Eds.), Polarization, shifting borders and liquid governance (pp. 349–365). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keady W., Panikkar B., Nelson I. L., Zia A. Energy Justice Gaps in Renewable Energy Transition Policy Initiatives in Vermont // Energy Policy. 2021. Vol. 159. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112608; EDN: ALOXQY</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazanik, S. V., &amp; Romanova, T. A. (2024). Geopolitics of connectivity: The EU in Central Asia. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 24(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-4-563-575; EDN: LUQGDZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindberg L., Scheingold S. Europe’s Would-Be Polity : Patterns of Change in the European Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monnet, J. (1978). Memoirs. London: Collins.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manoli P. Greece’s Response to Russia’s War on Ukraine // Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance / ed. by A. Mihr, C. Pierobon. Cham, Switzerland : Springer, 2024. P. 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrović, N., &amp; Bilić, J. (2025). Why history matters? Populist radical right governments in the EU and their foreign policy. The International Spectator, 60(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2024.2405153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monnet J. Memoirs. London : Collins, 1978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piskulova, N. A. (2022). Energy Transition 4.0: Impact on Russia — EU economic relations. Russian Foreign Economic Journal, (1), 27–38. (In Russian). EDN: ULOWGP</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrović N., Bilić J. Why History Matters? Populist Radical Right Governments in the EU and Their Foreign Policy // The International Spectator. 2025. Vol. 60, iss. 1. P. 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2024.2405153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rabinovych, M. (2025). EU external differentiated integration as a crisis response tool? Evidence from Ukraine. West European Politics, 48(5), 1216–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2024.2401246</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rabinovych M. EU External Differentiated Integration as a Crisis Response Tool? Evidence From Ukraine // West European Politics. 2025. Vol. 48, iss. 5. P. 1216–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2024.2401246</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruggie, G. J., Katzenstein, P. J., Keohane, R. O., &amp; Schmitter, P. C. (2005). Transformations in world politics: The intellectual contributions of Ernst B. Haas. Annual Review of Political Science, 8, 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104843</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruggie G. J., Katzenstein P. J., Keohane R. O., Schmitter P. C. Transformations in World Politics: The Intellectual Contributions of Ernst B. Haas // Annual Review of Political Science. 2005. Vol. 8. P. 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104843</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scipioni, M. (2018). Failing forward in EU migration policy? EU integration after the 2015 asylum and migration crisis. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(9), 1357–1375. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1325920</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scipioni M. Failing Forward in EU Migration Policy? EU Integration After the 2015 Asylum and Migration Crisis // Journal of European Public Policy. 2018. Vol. 25, iss. 9. P. 1357–1375. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1325920</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Meurs, W., de Bruin, R., van de Grift, L., Hoetink, C., van Leeuwen, K., &amp; Reijnen, C. (2018). The unfinished history of European integration. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pzc5h</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Meurs W., de Bruin R., van de Grift L., Hoetink C., van Leeuwen K., Reijnen C. The Unfinished History of European Integration. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pzc5h</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wunsch, N., &amp; Bélanger, M.-E. (2024). Radicalisation and discursive accommodation: Responses to rising Euroscepticism in the European Parliament. West European Politics, 47(6), 1223–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2202031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wunsch N., Bélanger M.-E. Radicalisation and Discursive Accommodation: Responses to Rising Euroscepticism in the European Parliament // West European Politics. 2024. Vol. 47, iss. 6. P. 1223–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2202031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
