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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46268</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2025-25-3-522-537</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XZJVNV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>国际经济关系</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Energy Diplomacy and the Formation of a “Resistance Economy” in Iran</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Энергетическая дипломатия и формирование «экономики сопротивления» в Иране</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6112-5550</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4552-2182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belov</surname><given-names>Vladimir I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белов</surname><given-names>Владимир Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr.Sc. (History), Professor, Professor, Department of Oriental and African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры востоковедения и африканистики</p></bio><email>yurtaev-vi@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4756-3858</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pichugin</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пичугин</surname><given-names>Сергей Валентинович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Geologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный геолог</p></bio><email>svpichugin2103@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-3383</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5294-1502</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ranjbar</surname><given-names>Daniyal M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ранджбар</surname><given-names>Даниал Мешкин</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (History), Assistant Lecturer, Department of Theory and History of International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, ассистент кафедры теории и истории международных отношений</p></bio><email>randzhbar_meshkin_d@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">OZGEO Company</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Компания «ОЗГЕО»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of the Bandung Conference: The Evolving Role of Asian and African Countries in World Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Отмечая 70-летие Бандунгской конференции: эволюция роли стран Азии и Африки в мировой политике</issue-title><fpage>522</fpage><lpage>537</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Belov V.I., Pichugin S.V., Ranjbar D.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Белов В.И., Пичугин С.В., Ранджбар Д.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Belov V., Pichugin S., Ranjbar D.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Belov V.I., Pichugin S.V., Ranjbar D.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Белов В.И., Пичугин С.В., Ранджбар Д.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Belov V., Pichugin S., Ranjbar D.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/46268">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/46268</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The global energy market is undergoing profound restructuring due to changes in the dynamics of energy resource export and import flows, driven by evolving global demand, technological advancements in production, and significant geopolitical shifts. Iran, located in the geopolitically unstable Middle East and pursuing the development of a “resistance economy,” ranks among the world’s leaders in terms of oil reserves, production, and exports. In response to new international realities, the country is striving to develop an effective foreign policy aimed at safeguarding its geopolitical and economic interests. Central to this policy should be energy diplomacy. The present study aims to identify the characteristics of energy diplomacy as a key instrument in supporting the construction of a “resistance economy” in Iran. This study demonstrates that the energy diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran primarily relies on its oil and gas sectors of its economy, highlighting the importance of examining the specifics of its development planning. Methodologically, the article adopts a comprehensive approach to analyzing the multifaceted process of oil and gas industry development, which constitutes one of the pillars of Iran’s “resistance economy” and its emerging energy diplomacy. The authors focus on the strategic vision of Iran’s leadership regarding priority tasks for the development of the oil and gas sector within the broader context of achieving the country’s declared development goals. Additionally, data on production, exports, and investments in the oil and gas sector are analyzed to highlight its significance in shaping a coherent strategy for Iran’s economic development under conditions of sanction pressure. The research reveals that the formation of energy diplomacy takes place within the context of the Iranian government’s efforts to strengthen the country’s regional leadership. The article emphasizes Iran’s commitment to developing new international partnerships and achieving innovative global energy solutions, including through cooperation with the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Мировой энергетический рынок переживает глубокую реструктуризацию в связи с изменением динамики экспортных и импортных потоков энергоресурсов, обусловленным развитием глобального спроса, технологическим прогрессом в производстве и значительными геополитическими изменениями. Находящийся в геополитическом нестабильном Ближневосточном регионе и строящий «экономику сопротивления» Иран, один из мировых лидеров по запасам, добыче и экспорту нефти, прилагает усилия, направленные на формирование эффективной внешней политики, призванной обеспечить геополитические и экономические интересы страны в контексте новых международных реалий. Стержнем этой политики должна стать энергетическая дипломатия. Цель исследования - выявить особенности формирования энергетической дипломатии как важного инструмента обеспечения построения «экономики сопротивления» в Иране. Показано, что энергетическая дипломатия Исламской Республики Иран складывается, прежде всего, с опорой на нефтегазовый сектор иранской экономики, что заметно актуализирует задачу изучения особенностей планирования ее развития. Методологически статья выполнена в рамках комплексного подхода к исследованию многоаспектного процесса развития нефтегазовой отрасли как одного из оснований иранской «экономики сопротивления» и формирующейся энергетической дипломатии. В центре внимания авторов - стратегическое видение руководством Ирана приоритетных задач развития нефтегазового сектора экономики в контексте достижения заявленных целей развития страны. Кроме того, проанализированы данные о производстве, экспорте и инвестициях в нефтегазовый сектор, продемонстрирована его значимость для формирования целостной стратегии экономического развития Ирана в условиях санкционного давления. Как показано в исследовании, становление энергетической дипломатии происходит в контексте усилий иранского правительства по усилению регионального лидерства Ирана. Подчеркнута нацеленность энергетической дипломатии Исламской Республики Иран на формирование новых международных партнерств и достижение глобальных инновационных энергетических решений, в том числе и с участием Российской Федерации.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Islamic Republic of Iran</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>diversification strategy</kwd><kwd>integrated foreign policy</kwd><kwd>geopolitical and sectoral interests</kwd><kwd>oil and gas sector of the economy</kwd><kwd>strategic vision for development</kwd><kwd>international partnerships</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Исламская Республика Иран</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>стратегия диверсификации</kwd><kwd>целостная внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>геополитические и отраслевые интересы</kwd><kwd>нефтегазовый сектор экономики</kwd><kwd>стратегическое видение развития</kwd><kwd>международные партнерства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование подготовлено в рамках Проекта № 102502-2-000 Системы грантовой  поддержки научных проектов Российского университета дружбы народов (РУДН).</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This study has been supported by the RUDN University Scientific Projects Grant System, project No. 102502-2-000.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abbaszadeh, P., Maleki, A., Alipour, M., &amp; Mamani, Y. 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