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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2025-25-3-485-504</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WSYKTH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>APPLIED ANALYSYS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИКЛАДНОЙ АНАЛИЗ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>应用分析</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">China’s Retaliatory Measures in the Context of the Sanctions Confrontation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ответные ограничительные меры Китая в условиях санкционного противостояния</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0682-3174</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4079-8489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karasev</surname><given-names>Dmitry Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карасев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Sociology), (former) Research Fellow, Center for Expertise on Sanctions Policy, Institute of International Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат социологических наук, (экс-)научный сотрудник Центра экспертизы санкционной политики Институт международных исследований</p></bio><email>dk89@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MGIMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГИМО МИД России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of the Bandung Conference: The Evolving Role of Asian and African Countries in World Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Отмечая 70-летие Бандунгской конференции: эволюция роли стран Азии и Африки в мировой политике</issue-title><fpage>485</fpage><lpage>504</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Karasev D.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Карасев Д.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Karasev D.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karasev D.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карасев Д.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Karasev D.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/46266">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/46266</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In recent years, China’s sanctions regime has been taking shape, which is expressed, first, in the growing intensity and diversity of retaliatory coercive measures in response to foreign unilateral sanctions since the 2010s. The differentiation of the counter-sanction instruments of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) depending on Beijing’s motivation and their object is becoming clear. The list of triggers provoking the PRC to take countermeasures is growing, and the goals pursued with their help are multiplying. Second, since 2018, the PRC has had regulatory and legal mechanisms for introducing counter-sanctions and countering foreign sanctions. This study aims to trace the evolution of China’s counter-sanctions based on the collected database “China’s Unilateral Sanctions, 1956-2023” and offer theoretical generalizations about them that quantitatively confirm or refute the results of previous studies. The study draws on both the analysis of previous works on China’s counter-sanctions in English and Russian, about which there is no scientific consensus and only some of the conclusions are quantitatively substantiated and supported by databases, and the collection of a database and descriptive statistics methods. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that it distinguishes between the stage of active formation of China’s sanctions regime over the past 10 years and a long prehistory, during which only individual unofficial countermeasures took place: China’s boycott of participation in the Olympic Games in the 1950s - 1970s; China’s partial refusal to import from those countries whose leaders hosted the 14th Dalai Lama on an official visit in the 2000s - 2010s; consumer boycotts of foreign goods in China; and bureaucratic blockades at customs since 2008. This article lists and describes the mechanisms of action of the main counter-sanction laws of the PRC, the adoption of which was provoked by the trade war with the United States. As a result, mirror counter-sanctions of the PRC have become prevalent, applied specifically against individuals and companies and implying barriers to entry and doing business in the PRC, restrictions on investment, cooperation, trade, and freezing of assets. The author concludes that there is a “division of labor” between hidden sanctions, which maximize damage to the targeted party, and formalized sanctions, which maximize the performative impact on a third party. The latter does not replace the former but complements it.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последние годы происходит оформление санкционного режима Китая, которое выражается, во-первых, в росте интенсивности и многообразия ограничительных мер, используемых Китаем в ответ на односторонние санкции оппонентов начиная с 2010-х гг. Наглядной становится дифференциация инструментов контрсанкций Китайской Народной Республики (КНР) в зависимости от мотивации Пекина и их объекта. Растет список триггеров, провоцирующих КНР на контрмеры, умножаются преследуемые с помощью них цели. Во-вторых, с 2018 г. у КНР появились нормативно-правовые механизмы введения контрсанкций и противодействия иностранным санкциям. Цель исследования - на основе собранной базы данных «Односторонние санкции Китая, 1956-2023» проследить эволюцию контрсанкций Китая и предложить теоретические обобщения о них, количественно подтверждающие или опровергающие результаты предшествующих исследований. Исследование опирается как на анализ предшествующих работ о контрсанкциях КНР на английском и русском языках, научный консенсус о которых отсутствует, лишь некоторые выводы количественно обоснованы и подкреплены базами данных, так и на сбор базы данных и методы описательной статистики. Новизна исследования обусловлена тем, что в нем проводится различие между этапом активного оформления санкционного режима Китая в течение последних 10 лет и долгой предысторией, в рамках которой имели место лишь отдельные неофициальные контрмеры: бойкотирование Китаем участия в Олимпийских играх в 1950-1970-х гг.; частичный отказ КНР от импорта из тех стран, лидеры которых принимали у себя с официальным визитом Далай-ламу XIV в 2000-2010-х гг.; потребительские бойкоты товаров иностранных компаний в КНР и бюрократические блокады на таможне начиная с 2008 г. Перечисляются и описываются механизмы действия основных контрсанкционных законов КНР, принятие которых было спровоцировано торговой войной с США. В итоге стали преобладать зеркальные контрсанкции КНР, применяемые адресно против отдельных лиц и компаний и предполагающие барьеры на въезд и ведение бизнеса в КНР, ограничения инвестиций, сотрудничества, торговли, заморозку активов и т. д. Автор приходит к выводу о «разделении труда» между скрытыми санкциями, максимизирующими ущерб для стороны, на которую наложены санкции, и формализованными санкциями, максимизирующими перформативное воздействие на третью сторону. Вторые не заменяют собой первые, а дополняют их.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>coercive diplomacy</kwd><kwd>consumer boycott of foreign goods</kwd><kwd>trade restrictions</kwd><kwd>trade war</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>database</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>дипломатия принуждения</kwd><kwd>потребительский бойкот иностранных товаров</kwd><kwd>ограничения торговли</kwd><kwd>торговая война</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>база данных</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано внутренним грантом ИМИ МГИМО МИД России.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The research is funded by IIS MGIMO University grant.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakulina, P. 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