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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46260</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2025-25-3-394-405</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UJXDTG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">“Bridge” States in International Relations: The Cases of Singapore and Indonesia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Государства-«мосты» в международных отношениях на примере Сингапура и Индонезии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-1669</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8111-0056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loshkariov</surname><given-names>Ivan D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лошкарёв</surname><given-names>Иван Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Sciences), Associate Professor, Department of Political Theory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры политической теории; научный сотрудник Центра ближневосточных и африканских исследований, Институт международных исследований</p></bio><email>ivan1loshkariov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5284-8682</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8871-7749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopyttsev</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копытцев</surname><given-names>Иван Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Institute for International Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник, Институт международных исследований</p></bio><email>www.kopitsev53.ru@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MGIMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГИМО МИД России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of the Bandung Conference: The Evolving Role of Asian and African Countries in World Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Отмечая 70-летие Бандунгской конференции: эволюция роли стран Азии и Африки в мировой политике</issue-title><fpage>394</fpage><lpage>405</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Loshkariov I.D., Kopyttsev I.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Лошкарёв И.Д., Копытцев И.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Loshkariov I., Kopyttsev I.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Loshkariov I.D., Kopyttsev I.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лошкарёв И.Д., Копытцев И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Loshkariov I., Kopyttsev I.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/46260">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/46260</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the derivative power usage in international relations, as well as the concept of “bridge” states which connect different, and even competing, centers of power, thereby gaining their edge in the global arena. Consequently, the authors view such states as the actors most actively and efficiently using derivative power. Furthermore, the authors distinguish the specific features of the circulation approach to the phenomenon of power in international relations, as well as the characteristics of “bridge” states. The article distinguishes several features within political-geographic, historical-cultural, and legitimacy-based aspects. These include playing a balancing act between large states and groups with their membership, the absence of direct regional threats, ethno-cultural pluralism and also both internal and external acceptance of such a middle status. The theoretical part also explains the differences and similarities between neutral and “bridge” states, thereby facilitating a more profound comprehension of the latter category. Then, the authors analyze the foreign policies of Singapore and Indonesia, using a comparative method based on the basis of nine criteria. In this way, the article exemplifies possible variations from the ideal type, as well as it illustrates the ability of big actors, such as Indonesia, to use derivative power in foreign relations. It is worth pointing out that both the conceptual explanations and empirical data provided in the article facilitate further study of the internal and external conditions which determine whether a state gains or loses its “bridge” state status. Furthermore, the article shifts the focus from various groups and alliances to the types and principles of connectivity in international relations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование посвящено анализу теоретических и практических аспектов использования деривативной силы в международных отношениях и концепции страны-«моста» - связующего звена между различными, в том числе и враждебными, центрами силы, опирающегося на свое промежуточное положение как конкурентное преимущество на мировой арене. Рассматривая подобные государства в качестве акторов, наиболее активно и эффективно использующих деривативную силу, авторы выявляют специфику циркуляционного подхода к феномену силы в международных отношениях и черты, присущие стране-«мосту». В рамках трех аспектов - политико-географического, историко-культурного и статусно-легитимного - в качестве характеристик, присущих государствам-«мостам», выделяются сбалансированность внешнеполитического курса по отношению к крупным государствам или группам с их участием, отсутствие прямых региональных угроз, этнокультурный плюрализм, а также внутреннее и внешнее принятие и признание посреднического статуса государств-«мостов». В теоретической части исследования также объяснены различия и сходства между нейтральным государством и страной-«мостом», что в значительной степени упрощает понимание последней категории. Опираясь на сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, в рамках которого проанализировано девять отличительных черт государств-«мостов», рассмотрена внешняя политика Сингапура и Индонезии, что позволяет не только выявить возможные отклонения от идеал-типической модели, но и продемонстрировать способность крупных акторов вроде Индонезии использовать деривативную силу в международных делах. Концептуальные объяснения и эмпирические данные исследования открывают широкие возможности для дальнейшего изучения внутренних и внешних условий приобретения и утраты статуса страны-«моста», а также создают предпосылки для смещения акцента с исследования групп и альянсов на изучение типов и принципов формирования связанности в международных отношениях.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>derivative power</kwd><kwd>circulation approach</kwd><kwd>connectivity</kwd><kwd>connecting elements</kwd><kwd>centers of power</kwd><kwd>neutral states</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>деривативная сила</kwd><kwd>циркуляционный подход</kwd><kwd>связанность</kwd><kwd>связующее звено</kwd><kwd>центры силы</kwd><kwd>нейтральные государства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование подготовлено в рамках научного проекта РНФ № 23-18-01045 «Трансферный потенциал политической науки в системе социогуманитарного знания».</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was prepared within the framework of the scientific project of the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-18-01045 “The transfer potential of political science in the system of social knowledge.”</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adler, E., &amp; Pouliot, V. 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