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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">41032</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-3-467-482</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YXJUKG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BILATERIAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДВУСТОРОННИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>双方关系</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">European Criticism of China’s Human Rights’ Policy: Political and Ideological Aspects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Европейская критика политики Китая в сфере прав человека: политические и идеологические аспекты</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1621-0005</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4168-7976</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvak</surname><given-names>Nikolay V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвак</surname><given-names>Николай Витальевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Dr. of Sc. (Sociology), Professor, Department of Philosophy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор социологических наук, профессор кафедры философии им. А.Ф. Шишкина</p></bio><email>jourfr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9981-0593</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5774-6654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pomozova</surname><given-names>Natalia B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Помозова</surname><given-names>Наталья Борисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Dr. of Sc. (Sociology), Leading Researcher, Centre for Comprehensive European and International Studies (CCEIS), Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор социологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Центра комплексных европейских и международных исследований (ЦКЕМИ), факультет мировой экономики и мировой политики</p></bio><email>npomozova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MGIMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">МГИМО МИД России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">China’s Global Strategy</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Глобальная стратегия КНР</issue-title><fpage>467</fpage><lpage>482</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Litvak N.V., Pomozova N.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Литвак Н.В., Помозова Н.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Litvak N., Pomozova N.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Litvak N.V., Pomozova N.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Литвак Н.В., Помозова Н.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Litvak N., Pomozova N.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/41032">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/41032</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">For several decades, the issue of human rights has been an instrument of Western pressure on China, and also serves as a pretext for foreign policy decisions (such as the imposition of sanctions). As part of its discursive policy, China has recently shifted from a defensive to an offensive position, including on the issue of human rights. This dynamic is considered in this study using the example of three issues that have been most actively discussed in Western discourse in recent years - Hong Kong, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and methods of combating COVID-19. The relevant discourse of China not only defended the right to its own development model, but also highlighted the shortcomings of Western systems. This discursive practice corresponds to the fundamental differences in the understanding of human rights in China and Europe, which are shown in the analysis of the provisions of the second chapter of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Constitution, the Charter of the European Union on Human Rights, and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Despite the fact that European politicians see themselves as the main proponents of democratic rights and freedoms in the world, sociological surveys show a low level of satisfaction of respondents in the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, France and Italy with how the principles of democracy are respected in their own countries, against the backdrop of deep dissatisfaction with their economic situation. Moreover, in many ways, Europe’s position does not seem to be principled, but opportunistic, since China’s position on the topics mentioned above has not changed, but now European criticism has practically switched to the “Taiwan issue.”</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Тема прав человека на протяжении нескольких десятилетий представляет собой инструмент давления Запада на Китай, а также служит оправданием внешнеполитических решений (например, введения санкций). Китай в рамках своей дискурсивной политики в последнее время перешел от оборонительной позиции к наступательной, в том числе и по вопросу прав человека. Данная тенденция проанализирована в исследовании на примере трех тем, доминировавших в западном дискурсе в последние годы: Гонконг, Синьцзян-Уйгурский автономный район и методы борьбы с COVID-19. Дискурс Китая не только отстаивает право на собственную модель развития, но и активно указывает на недостатки западных систем. Анализ положений второй главы Конституции КНР, Хартии Европейского союза по правам человека, а также Европейской конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод позволил авторам выявить ряд принципиальных отличий в понимании прав человека в Китае и Европе. Несмотря на то что европейские политики позиционируют себя в качестве главных проводников демократических прав и свобод в мире, социологические опросы показывают низкий уровень удовлетворенности респондентов в Великобритании, Германии, Франции и Италии своим экономическим положением, а также тем, как соблюдаются принципы демократии в их странах. Кроме того, установлено, что во многом позиция Европы представляется не принципиальной, а конъюнктурной, поскольку по рассматриваемым темам позиции Китая не изменились, но теперь европейская критика сфокусировалась на «тайваньском вопросе».</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sociological discourse analysis</kwd><kwd>the People’s Republic of China</kwd><kwd>PRC</kwd><kwd>Europe</kwd><kwd>PRC discursive politics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социологический дискурс-анализ</kwd><kwd>Китайская Народная Республика</kwd><kwd>КНР</kwd><kwd>Европа</kwd><kwd>дискурсивная политика КНР</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aryodiguno, H. (2021). Understanding Xinjiang from a Chinese nationalist’s perspective. AEGIS: Journal of International Relations, 5(1), 67-78. 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