<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">38472</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-1-126-141</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DVXPCJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>国际经济关系</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Transition to Polycentrism and the Transformation of Regional Trade Agreements</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Трансформация региональных торговых соглашений в условиях перехода к полицентризму</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1988-4374</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4451-3235</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Perskaya</surname><given-names>Victoria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перская</surname><given-names>Виктория Вадимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Sc. (Economics), Honoured Economist of the Russian Federation, Professor, Department of World Economy and World Finance, Head, Institute for Research of International Economic Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор экономических наук, заслуженный экономист Российской Федерации, профессор кафедры мировой экономики и мировых финансов, директор Института исследований международных экономических отношений</p></bio><email>vperskaya@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5372-8519</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8277-4480</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morkovkin</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морковкин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Economiсs), Associate Professor, Department of Economic Theory, Leading Researcher, Institute for Research of International Economic Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры экономической теории, ведущий научный сотрудник Института исследований международных экономических отношений</p></bio><email>demorkovkin@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-8039</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4576-1942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chupin</surname><given-names>Alexander L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупин</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Economiсs), Deputy Dean for Research, Faculty of Economics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, заместитель декана по научной работе экономического факультета</p></bio><email>chupin-al@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-1396</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1483-1334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedov</surname><given-names>Tural N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедов</surname><given-names>Турал Натиг оглы</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Economiсs), Associate Professor, Department of World Economy and World Finance, Leading Researcher, Institute for Research of International Economic Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры мировой экономики и мировых финансов, ведущий научный сотрудник Института исследований международных экономических отношений</p></bio><email>tnmamedov@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-1842</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5911-3917</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zvereva</surname><given-names>Alexandra D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверева</surname><given-names>Александра Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Fellow, Institute for Research of International Economic Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник Института исследований международных экономических отношений</p></bio><email>adzvereva@fa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве Российской Федерации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">International and Regional Studies: From Theory to Practice</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Международные и региональные исследования: от теории к практике</issue-title><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>141</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Perskaya V.V., Morkovkin D.E., Chupin A.L., Mamedov T.N., Zvereva A.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Перская В.В., Морковкин Д.Е., Чупин А.Л., Мамедов Т.Н., Зверева А.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024, Perskaya V., Morkovkin D., Chupin A., Mamedov T., Zvereva A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Perskaya V.V., Morkovkin D.E., Chupin A.L., Mamedov T.N., Zvereva A.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Перская В.В., Морковкин Д.Е., Чупин А.Л., Мамедов Т.Н., Зверева А.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Perskaya V., Morkovkin D., Chupin A., Mamedov T., Zvereva A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/38472">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/38472</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Regional trade agreements (RTAs) are important instruments of the world trade system, which have been increasingly developed in recent decades, since they complement the existing World Trade Organization (WTO) and WTO+ agreements and allow taking into account the specificities of regions. The principle of ensuring non-discriminatory trade is the main principle of multilateral trade of the WTO, or in other words, observes the rule of not favoring one trading partner over another. RTAs are, in fact, an exception to this approach, as it is the signatories that enjoy more favorable market access conditions. At the same time, the WTO recognizes the legitimate role of RTAs in facilitating trade between their parties, but requires that they not create barriers to trade with third parties. RTAs cover more than half of world trade, and new transcontinental agreements have been concluded in recent years: the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership, and the African Continental Free Trade Area. There are different types of RTAs in international cooperation, ranging from free trade agreements to common markets, including between countries of a territorially contiguous or transcontinental nature, based on WTO and WTO+ agreements or protectionist in nature. The article reflects the consequences for the national economies of developing countries, it is revealed that the European Union in the RTAs is actively promoting its values as the absolute truth for all peoples and nations, and their non-acceptance is considered as a factor causing possible restrictions. Other developed economies have also imposed obligations on signatories in terms of ensuring the transformation of the national economies of developing countries, but in recent years this trend has weakened somewhat. China, initiating the RTA, pursues the realization of its national interests, without imposing any political, mental or social aspects, and at the same time is ready to develop mutually acceptable compromises. The transformation of RTАs in modern conditions is carried out in three basic directions: preference for the preservation of full sovereignty by the signatory countries; the inclusion of articles that condition the promotion of sustainable development; control and monitoring to ensure compliance with labor safety regulations, non-damage to the ecological environment, as well as the use of tools of responsible corporate business conduct.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Региональные торговые соглашения (РТС) представляют собой важный инструмент мировой торговой системы. Они получают все большее развитие в последние десятилетия, поскольку дополняют действующие договоренности Всемирной торговой организации (ВТО) и ВТО+ и позволяют учесть специфические черты, свойственные отдельным регионам. Принцип обеспечения недискриминационной торговли является основным принципом многосторонней торговли ВТО, позволяя не отдавать предпочтение одному торговому партнеру перед другим. РТС являются по факту исключением из такого подхода в силу того, что именно подписанты пользуются более благоприятными условиями доступа на рынок. При этом ВТО признает законную роль РТС, которые направлены на содействие торговле между его сторонами, однако требует отсутствия создания в них торговых барьеров для третьих сторон. РТС охватывают более половины мировой торговли, и в последние годы были заключены новые трансконтинентальные соглашения - Всеобъемлющее и прогрессивное соглашение о Транстихоокеанском партнерстве, Всеобъемлющее региональное экономическое партнерство и Африканская континентальная зона свободной торговли. Международному сотрудничеству известны разнообразные виды РТС: от соглашений о свободной торговле до общего рынка, в том числе между странами, территориально граничащими друг с другом, или трансконтинентального характера, базирующиеся на договоренностях ВТО и ВТО+ или носящие протекционистский характер. Отражены последствия РТС для национальных экономик развивающихся стран, выявлено, что в РТС Евросоюз усиленно продвигает свои ценности в качестве абсолютной истины для всех народов и наций, и неприятие их рассматривается в качестве фактора, обусловливающего возможные рестрикции. Другие развитые экономики также накладывали обязательства на подписантов в части обеспечения трансформирования национальных экономик развивающихся стран, но в последние годы этот тренд несколько ослаб. Китай, инициируя РТС, преследует реализацию своих национальных интересов, не навязывая никаких политических, ментальных или социальных аспектов, и при этом готов к выработке взаимоприемлемых компромиссов. Трансформирование РТС в современных условиях реализуется по трем базовым направлениям: предпочтение сохранения полного суверенитета странами-подписантами; включение статей о содействии устойчивому развитию; контроль и мониторинг над обеспечением соблюдения техники безопасности труда, ненанесения ущерба экологической среде, а также использования инструментов ответственного корпоративного ведения бизнеса.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>government regulation</kwd><kwd>liberalization</kwd><kwd>international relations</kwd><kwd>responsible corporate governance</kwd><kwd>free trade agreements</kwd><kwd>sustainable development</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>государственное регулирование</kwd><kwd>либерализация</kwd><kwd>международные отношения</kwd><kwd>ответственное корпоративное управление</kwd><kwd>соглашения о свободной торговле</kwd><kwd>устойчивое развитие</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abman, R., &amp; Lundberg, C. (2020). Does free trade increase deforestation? The effects of regional trade agreements. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 7(1), 35-72. https://doi.org/10.1086/705787</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова И. О., Фитуни Л. Л. Африканский сегмент многополярного мира: динамика геостратегической значимости // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2018. Т. 62, № 12. С. 5–14. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-12-5-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova, I. O., &amp; Fituni, L. L. (2018). The African segment of multipolar world: Dynamics of geostrategic significancy. World Economy and International Relations, 62(12), 5-14. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-12-5-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков С. Н., Дейч Т. Л. Африка в формирующейся модели мироустройства // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2020. № 7. С. 73–77. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750010106-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajabli, H., Zoubir, A., Elotmani, R., Louzazni, M., Kandoussi, K., &amp; Daya, A. (2023). Review on eco-friendly insulation material used for indoor comfort in building. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 185, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков С. Н., Константинова О. В. Африканская континентальная интеграция — новый шаг на пути к многополярному миру // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2023. Т. 23, № 1. С. 157–167. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-157-167</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anfinson, K., Laes, E., Bombaerts, G., Standal, K., Krug, M., Di Nucci, M. R., &amp; Schwarz, L. (2023). Does polycentrism deliver? A case study of energy community governance in Europe. Energy Research &amp; Social Science, 100, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103093</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зуев В. Н., Островская Е. Я., Скрябина В. Ю. Региональные торговые соглашения: эффект демпфера //  Вопросы экономики. 2023. № 2. C. 83–99. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-2-83-99</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bown, C. P. (2017). Mega-regional trade agreements and the future of the WTO. Global Policy, 8(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12391</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костюнина Г. М., Баронов В. И. Транстихоокеанское партнерство: основные положения соглашения  и потенциальный эффект // Международная жизнь. 2016. № 2. С. 90–112. EDN: VMBNHZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fratianni, M., &amp; Pattison, J. (2001). International organisations in a world of regional trade agreements: Lessons from club theory. World Economy, 24(3), 333-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00359</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов Д. А. Феномен трансрегионализма: проблемы терминологии и концептуализации // Сравнительная политика. 2016. Т. 7, № 2. С. 14–25. EDN: WQUUFB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grübler, J., &amp; Reiter, O. (2021). Characterising non-tariff trade policy. Economic Analysis and Policy, 71, 138-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.04.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцева В. А., Чупина Д. А. Региональные и мегарегиональные торговые соглашения: торговля сельскохозяйственной продукцией в Транстихоокеанском партнерстве // Вестник международных организаций: образование, наука, новая экономика. 2017. Т. 12, № 1. С. 43–65. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2017-01-43</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harrison, J. (2023). Trade agreements and sustainability: Exploring the potential of global value chain (GVC) obligations. Journal of International Economic Law, 26(2), 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgac057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перская В. В., Эскиндаров М. А. Полицентризм. Москва : КУРС, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaliske, M. (2023). Intra-EU trade-embodied carbon emissions: Is there voting for dirty comparative advantages? Economics Letters, 231, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111305</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенова А. А. Мегарегиональные торговые соглашения: угроза или новое перспективное направление либерализации мировой торговли? // Экономические отношения. 2023. Т. 13, № 1. С. 11–24. https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.13.1.117347</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostyunina, G. M., &amp; Baronov, V. I. (2016). Trans-Pacific Partnership: The main provisions of the agreement and potential effect. International Affairs, (2), 90-112. (In Russian). EDN: VMBNHZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Спартак А. Н. Метаморфозы процесса регионализации: от региональных торговых соглашений к мегарегиональным проектам // Контуры глобальных трансформаций: политика, экономика, право. 2017. Т. 10.  № 4. С. 13–37. https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-13-37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov, D. A. (2016). Transregionalism: Problems of terminology and conceptualization. Comparative Politics Russia, 7(2), 14-25. (In Russian). EDN: WQUUFB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткаченко А. А. Мегасоглашения о торговле в глобальной экономике // Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2023. № 1. С. 26–43. https://doi.org/10.24412/2072-8042-2023-1-26-43</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee, W., Mulabdic, A., &amp; Ruta, M. (2023). Third-country effects of regional trade agreements: A firm-level analysis. Journal of International Economics, 140, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103688</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abman R., Lundberg C. Does Free Trade Increase Deforestation? The Effects of Regional Trade Agreements // Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. 2020. Vol. 7, no. 1. P. 35–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/705787</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltseva, V. A., &amp; Chupina, D. A. (2017). Regional and mega-regional trade agreements: Agricultural trade in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. International Organisations Research Journal, 12(1), 43-65. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2017-01-43</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajabli H., Zoubir A., Elotmani R., Louzazni M., Kandoussi K., Daya A. Review on Eco-Friendly Insulation Material Used for Indoor Comfort in Building // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2023. Vol. 185. P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchewka-Bartkowiak, K. (2023). The European Union Emission Trading System and its role for green budgeting development - the case of EU member states. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 65, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101390</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anfinson K., Laes E., Bombaerts G., Standal K., Krug M., Di Nucci M. R., Schwarz L. Does Polycentrism Deliver? A Case Study of Energy Community Governance in Europe // Energy Research &amp; Social Science. 2023.  Vol. 100. P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103093</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perskaya, V. V., &amp; Eskindarov, M. A. (2022). Polycentrism. Moscow: KURS publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bown C. P. Mega-Regional Trade Agreements and the Future of the WTO // Global Policy. 2017. Vol. 8, no. 1.  P. 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12391</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenova, A. A. (2023). Mega regional trade agreements: A threat or a new promising direction of global trade liberalization? Journal of International Economic Affairs, 13(1), 11-24. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.13.1.117347</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fratianni M., Pattison J. International Organisations in a World of Regional Trade Agreements: Lessons from Club Theory // World Economy. 2001. Vol. 24, no. 3. P. 333–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00359</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith, A., Harrison, J., Campling, L., Richardson, B., &amp; Barbu, M. (2020). Free trade agreements and global labour governance: The European Union’s trade-labour linkage in a value chain world. Abingdon: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grübler J., Reiter O. Characterising Non-Tariff Trade Policy // Economic Analysis and Policy. 2021. Vol. 71.  Р. 138–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.04.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song, Yuegang, Du, Chongmiao, Du, Peiliang, Liu, Rong, &amp; Lu, Zhou. (2024). Digital transformation and corporate environmental performance: Evidence from Chinese listed companies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 201, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123159</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harrison J. Trade Agreements and Sustainability: Exploring the Potential of Global Value Chain (GVC) Obligations // Journal of International Economic Law. 2023. Vol. 26, no. 2. P. 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgac057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spartak, A. N. (2017). Metamorphosis of regionalization: From regional trade agreements to megaregional projects. Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, 10(4), 13-37. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-4-13-37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaliske M. Intra-EU Trade-Embodied Carbon Emissions: Is There Voting for Dirty Comparative Advantages? // Economics Letters. 2023. Vol. 231. P. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111305</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tkachenko, A. A. (2023). Mega-regional trade agreements in the global economy. Russian Foreign Economic Journal, (1), 26-43. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.24412/2072-8042-2023-1-26-43</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee W., Mulabdic A., Ruta M. Third-Country Effects of Regional Trade Agreements: A Firm-Level Analysis // Journal of International Economics. 2023. Vol. 140. P. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103688</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov, S. N., &amp; Deych, T. L. (2020). Africa in the emerging model of the world order. Asia and Africa Today, (7), 73-77. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750010106-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchewka-Bartkowiak K. The European Union Emission Trading System and Its Role for Green Budgeting Development — the Case of EU Member States // Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2023.  Vol. 65. P. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101390</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov, S. N., &amp; Konstantinova, O. V. (2023). African continental integration - a new step towards a multipolar world. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 23(1), 157-167. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-157-167</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith A., Harrison J., Campling L., Richardson B., Barbu M. Free Trade Agreements and Global Labour Governance: The European Union’s Trade-Labour Linkage in a Value Chain World. Abingdon : Routledge, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu, Ying, Wang, Liukai, Xiong, Yu, Wang, Maolin, &amp; Xie, Xinru. (2023). Does digital transformation foster corporate social responsibility? Evidence from Chinese mining industry. Journal of Environmental Management, 344, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118646</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song Yuegang, Du Chongmiao, Du Peiliang, Liu Rong, Lu Zhou. Digital Transformation and Corporate Environmental Performance: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies // Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2024. Vol. 201. P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123159</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao, Xing, Yasmeen, R., Li, Yunong, Hafeez, M., &amp; Padda, I. U. H. (2019). Free trade agreements and environment for sustainable development: A gravity model analysis. Sustainability, 11(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Ying, Wang Liukai, Xiong Yu, Wang Maolin, Xie Xinru. Does Digital Transformation Foster Corporate Social Responsibility? Evidence from Chinese Mining Industry // Journal of Environmental Management. 2023.  Vol. 344. P. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118646</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuev, V. N., Ostrovskaya, E. Y., &amp; Skryabina, V. Y. (2023). Trade damper effect of regional trade agreements. Voprosy Ekonomiki, (2), 83-99. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-2-83-99</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao Xing, Yasmeen R., Li Yunong, Hafeez M., Padda I. U. H. Free trade agreements and environment for sustainable development: a gravity model analysis // Sustainability. 2019. Vol. 11, no. 3. P. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
