<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">35179</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-2-372-392</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HOWMNA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>双方关系历史</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Peacekeeping Role of the Organization of African Unity During the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Миротворческая роль Организации африканского единства во время гражданской войны в Нигерии в 1967-1970 гг.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-751X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazov</surname><given-names>Sergei V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазов</surname><given-names>Сергей Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (History), Dr. of Sc. (History), Principal Research Fellow, Centre for African Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор исторических наук, главный научный сотрудник Центра африканских исследований</p></bio><email>s.mazov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Contours of Non-Western Peacekeeping</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Контуры незападного миротворчества</issue-title><fpage>372</fpage><lpage>392</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-03"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Mazov S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Мазов С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mazov S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мазов С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/35179">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/35179</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">This study examines the peacekeeping activities of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in resolving the Nigerian crisis. On May 30, 1967 the eastern part of Nigeria, the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra, tried to secede from Nigeria. This led to a civil war that lasted from July 6, 1967 to January 15, 1970. Biafra’s army was defeated and capitulated. The reference to the history of the OAU peacekeeping experience is relevant, because it can be applied to the settlement of contemporary crises and conflicts in Africa. The author was guided by the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliance on sources. The aim of the article is to clarify the nature and methods of the OAU’s peacekeeping activities, to identify internal and external factors that hindered the achievement of peace, and to assess the effectiveness of the organization’s peacekeeping efforts. The article uses for the first time information and analytical memos of Soviet diplomats found in the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVP RF) on the OAU’s activities to stop the civil war in Nigeria. The author concludes that the Nigerian crisis was a unique international conflict for the Cold War period. The motives of the external actors were primarily determined by geopolitical aspirations and national interests, rather than bloc solidarity. The author identifies factors that negatively affected the OAU’s potential as a peacemaker: a split among African countries (four of which recognized Biafra’s independence) and competition from Great Britain, which vigorously promoted its own peacekeeping agenda. The OAU’s decisions were not binding on member states; it had no effective mechanism for implementing them, and it had no armed forces of its own that could be used to disengage the warring parties. The OAU succeeded in diplomatically securing overwhelming African support for Nigeria’s territorial integrity, though its mediation efforts failed to achieve peace. The Biafra leadership was not going to capitulate while there was still room for resistance and the federal government was not inclined to question the country’s territorial integrity. The results of the OAU’s peacekeeping can be assessed as positive: it prevented the legitimization of separatist Biafra, which could have had a domino effect with disastrous consequences for the entire African continent.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Изучается миротворческая деятельность Организации африканского единства (ОАЕ) по урегулированию нигерийского кризиса. 30 мая 1967 г. от Нигерии попыталась отделиться ее восточная часть, самопровозглашенная Республика Биафра. Это привело к гражданской войне, которая длилась c 6 июля 1967 г. по 15 января 1970 г. Армия Биафры была разгромлена и капитулировала. Обращение к истории миротворческого опыта ОАЕ актуально, поскольку он может быть использован для урегулирования современных кризисов и конфликтов в Африке. Автор руководствовался принципами историзма, научной объективности и опоры на источники. Цель исследования - выяснить характер и методы миротворчества ОАЕ, определить внутренние и внешние факторы, препятствовавшие достижению мира, оценить результативность миротворческих усилий организации. Впервые использованы найденные в Архиве внешней политики Российской Федерации (АВП РФ) информационные и аналитические записки советских дипломатов о деятельности ОАЕ по прекращению гражданской войны в Нигерии. Установлено, что нигерийский кризис был неординарным для периода холодной войны международным конфликтом. Мотивы внешних игроков определялись в первую очередь геополитическими устремлениями и национальными интересами, а не блоковой солидарностью. Выявлены факторы, которые негативно влияли на возможности ОАЕ как миротворца: раскол среди африканских стран (четыре из них признали независимость Биафры), а также конкуренция со стороны Великобритании, которая энергично продвигала собственную миротворческую повестку. Решения ОАЕ не были обязательными для стран-участниц, она не располагала ни эффективным механизмом для их имплементации, ни собственными вооруженными силами, которые можно было бы использовать для разъединения враждующих сторон. ОАЕ удалось дипломатическими методами обеспечить поддержку подавляющим большинством африканских государств линии на сохранение территориальной целостности Нигерии, хотя посреднические усилия Организации не привели к достижению мира. Руководство Биафры не собиралось капитулировать, пока были возможности сопротивляться, а федеральное правительство - ставить под сомнение территориальную целостность страны. Итоги миротворчества ОАЕ можно оценить как позитивные: она не допустила легитимации сепаратистской Биафры, иначе мог произойти эффект домино с тяжелыми последствиями для всего Африканского континента.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>international relations</kwd><kwd>peacekeeping</kwd><kwd>Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970</kwd><kwd>Organization of African Unity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>международные отношения</kwd><kwd>миротворчество</kwd><kwd>гражданская война в Нигерии  1967-1970 гг.</kwd><kwd>Организация африканского единства</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akuchu, E. (1977). Peaceful settlement of disputes: Unsolved problem of the OAU (a case study of the Nigeria - Biafra conflict). Africa Today, 24(4), 39-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазов С. В. Советская помощь повстанцам восточного Конго, 1964—1966. Часть 1 // Азия и Африка  сегодня. 2019a. № 11. С. 70—76. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750007027-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Červenka, Z. (1971). The Nigerian war 1967-1970. History of the war. Selected bibliography and documents. Frankfurt am Main: Bernard &amp; Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазов С. В. Советская помощь повстанцам восточного Конго, 1964—1966. Часть 2 // Азия и Африка  сегодня. 2019b. № 12. С. 84—90. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750007664-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Červenka, Z. (1977). The unfinished quest for unity: Africa and the OAU. London: Julian Friedmann Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазов С. В. Холодная война в «сердце Африки». СССР и конголезский кризис, 1960—1964. Москва :  Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cronje, S. (1977). The world and Nigeria: A diplomatic history of the Biafran civil war. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Организация африканского единства : сборник документов. Вып. 2 (1966—1969) / отв. ред. и сост.  Р. А. Тузмухамедов. Москва : Наука, 1973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daly, S. F. C. (2017). The case against Victor Banjo: Legal process and the governance of Biafra. In A. D. Moses &amp; L. Heerten (Eds.), Postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide: The Nigeria - Biafra war, 1967-1970 (pp. 95-112). New York, London: Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Россия и Африка. Документы и материалы. 1961 — начало 1970-х / отв. ред. С. В. Мазов, А. Б. Давидсон. Москва : Политическая энциклопедия, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidson, A. B., &amp; Mazov, S. V. (Eds.). (2021). Russia and Africa. Documents and materials. 1961 - early 1970s. Moscow: Politicheskaya entsiklopediya publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филиппов В. Р. Тайная война Франции в Биафре // Политика и общество. 2016. № 3 (135). С. 285—300. https://doi.org/10.7256/1812-8696.2016.3.18323</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De St. Jorre, D. (1972). The brothers’ war. Biafra and Nigeria. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Этингер Я. Я. Нигерийский кризис 1967—1970 годов // Вопросы истории. 1976. № 4. С. 133—147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ettinger, Y. Y. (1976). The Nigerian crisis of 1967-1970. Voprosy Istorii, (4), 133-147. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akuchu E. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: Unsolved Problem of the OAU (A Case Study of the Nigeria — Biafra Conflict) // Africa Today. 1977. Vol. 24, no. 4. P. 39—58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippov, V. R. (2016). The secret war of France in Biafra. Politics and Society, (3), 285-300. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.7256/1812-8696.2016.3.18323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Červenka Z. The Unfinished Quest for Unity: Africa and the OAU. London : Julian Friedmann Publishers, 1977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griffin, Ch. (2017). France and the Nigerian civil war, 1967-1970. In A. D. Moses &amp; L. Heerten (Eds.), Postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide: The Nigeria - Biafra war, 1967-1970 (pp. 156-176). New York, London: Taylor &amp; Francis Group.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Červenka Z. The Nigerian War 1967—1970. History of the War. Selected Bibliography and Documents. Frankfurt am Main : Bernard &amp; Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen, 1971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1971a). Crisis and conflict in Nigeria: A documentary sourcebook 1966-1969. Vol. I: January 1966 - July 1967. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cronje S. The World and Nigeria: A Diplomatic History of the Biafran Civil War. London : Sidgwick and Jackson, 1977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1971b). Crisis and conflict in Nigeria: A documentary sourcebook 1966-1969. Vol. II: July 1967 - January 1970. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daly S. F. C. The Case against Victor Banjo: Legal Process and the Governance of Biafra // Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide: The Nigeria — Biafra War, 1967—1970 / ed. by A. D. Moses, L. Heerten. New York, London : Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2017. P. 95—112.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazov, S. V. (2015). The Cold War in the “heart of Africa”. The USSR and the Congo crisis, 1960-1964. Moscow: Universitet Dmitriya Pozharskogo publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De St. Jorre D. The Brothers’ War. Biafra and Nigeria. Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazov, S. V. (2019a). Soviet aid to the rebels of Eastern Congo, 1964-1966. Part 1. Asia and Africa Today, (11), 70-76. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750007027-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griffin Ch. France and the Nigerian Civil War, 1967—1970 // Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide: The Nigeria — Biafra War, 1967—1970 / ed. by A. D. Moses, L. Heerten. New York, London : Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2017. P. 156—176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazov, S. V. (2019b). Soviet aid to the rebels in Eastern Congo, 1964-1966. Part 2. Asia and Africa Today, (12), 84-90. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750007664-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirk-Greene A. H. M. Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary Sourcebook 1966—1969. Vol. I: January 1966 — July 1967. New York : Oxford University Press, 1971a.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazov, S. V. (2023). The Soviet Union and the Nigerian civil war (1967-1970): Military and technical cooperation with the federal military government of Nigeria. In C. Saunders, H. A. Fonseca &amp; L. Dallywater (Eds.), Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. New perspectives on the era of decolonization, 1950s to 1990s (pp. 289-314). Oldenbourg: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110787757-015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirk-Greene A. H. M. Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary Sourcebook 1966—1969. Vol. II: July  1967 — January 1970. New York : Oxford University Press, 1971b.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ojukwu, O. (1969). Biafra. Selected speeches and random thoughts of C. Ojukwu, with diaries of events. Vol. I. New York: Harper &amp; Row.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazov S. V. The Soviet Union and the Nigerian Civil War (1967—1970): Military and Technical Cooperation with the Federal Military Government of Nigeria // Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and Africa. New Perspectives on the Era of Decolonization, 1950s to 1990s / ed. by C. Saunders, H. A. Fonseca, L. Dallywater. Oldenbourg : De Gruyter, 2023. P. 289—314. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110787757-015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Posibi, A. P., &amp; Canale, A. (2020). Historical analysis of the position of African countries in the Nigerian civil war, 1967-1970. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 12(2), 302-311. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.210</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ojukwu O. Biafra. Selected Speeches and Random Thoughts of C. Ojukwu, with Diaries of Events. Vol. I. New York : Harper &amp; Row, 1969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stremlau, J. (1977). The international politics of the Nigerian civil war, 1967-1970. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Posibi A. P., Canale A. Historical Analysis of the Position of African Countries in the Nigerian Civil War,  1967—1970 // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2020.  Т. 12, № 2. С. 302—311. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.210</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tuzmukhamedov, R. A. (Ed.). (1973). Organization of African Unity. Collection of documents. Vol. 2 (1966-1969). Moscow: Nauka publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stremlau J. The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967—1970. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uche, S. (2008). Oil, British interests and the Nigerian civil war. Journal of African History, 49(1), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853708003393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uche S. Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War // Journal of African History. 2008. Vol. 49, iss. 1.  P. 111—135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853708003393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venter, A. J., &amp; Dinsdale, S. (2018). Biafra genocide: Nigeria: Bloodletting and mass starvation, 1967-1970. Barnsley: Pen &amp; Sword Books Limited.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venter A. J., Dinsdale S. Biafra Genocide: Nigeria: Bloodletting and Mass Starvation, 1967—1970. Barnsley : Pen &amp; Sword Books Limited, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
