<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">34190</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2023-23-1-37-47</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UUQCLB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political Instability and the Rwandan Factor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Демократическая Республика Конго: политическая нестабильность и фактор Руанды</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-3503</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisova</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (History), Leading Research Fellow, Head, Centre for Tropical Africa</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующая Центром изучения стран Тропической Африки</p></bio><email>tsden@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9983-9994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostelyanets</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костелянец</surname><given-names>Сергей Валерьянович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Science), Leading Research Fellow, Head, Centre for Sociological and Political Sciences Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий Центром социологических и политологических исследований</p></bio><email>sergey.kostelyanyets@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт Африки РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">International Security: Global and Regional Trends</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Международная безопасность: глобальные и региональные тренды</issue-title><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-02"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Denisova T.S., Kostelyanets S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Денисова Т.С., Костелянец С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Denisova T.S., Kostelyanets S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Денисова Т.С., Костелянец С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/34190">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/34190</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been in a state of constant political instability since June 30, 1960, i.e., throughout the entire period of its independent development. The country has experienced a series of civil wars and local conflicts, the causes of which, as in other African countries, have been inter-ethnic and inter-confessional tensions, struggle for power and access to natural resources, inability of governments to control the situation in the periphery, etc. The peculiarity of the Congolese conflicts and DRC politics in general is the interference of external actors, primarily neighboring countries. Rwanda has played the greatest role in maintaining permanent instability in the DRC. This has been argued in numerous books and articles by Russian and foreign researchers, but Africanists have not yet carried out a comprehensive analysis of the historical background and contemporary factors of Rwanda’s influence on the situation in the DRC, and the present paper aims at filling this gap. The purpose of the study is to identify the political and economic motives for the presence of the Rwandan army on the Congolese territory, to examine the role of national leaders of the two states - P. Kagame, L.-D. Kabila, J. Kabila, and F. Tshisekedi - in the political development of the DRC, as well as the reasons for the conflict that broke out in 2022 between the DRC and Rwanda. The paper applies a comprehensive approach to the processes and phenomena under consideration, using the principles of comparative data analysis and critical assessment of information. The relevance of the topic of research is due to both the increase in political instability in Africa and in the world as a whole, and the noticeable increase in the influence of African countries on international political and economic processes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В течение всего периода независимого развития, то есть с 30 июня 1960 г., Демократическая Республика Конго (ДРК) находилась в состоянии перманентной политической нестабильности. Страна пережила череду гражданских войн и локальных конфликтов, причинами которых, как и в других африканских странах, становились межэтнические и межконфессиональные противоречия, борьба за власть и доступ к природным ресурсам, неспособность правительств контролировать ситуацию на периферии и т. д. Особенностью конголезских конфликтов является неизменное вмешательство в них и в политику ДРК в целом внешних игроков, прежде всего сопредельных стран. Наибольшую роль в сохранении перманентной нестабильности в Конго сыграла Руанда. Это отмечается во многих работах российских и зарубежных исследователей, однако комплексный анализ исторических предпосылок и современных факторов влияния этой страны на ситуацию в ДРК африканистами проведен не был, и данная работа нацелена на восполнение этого пробела. Цель исследования - выявление политических и экономических мотивов присутствия руандийской армии на конголезской территории, исследование роли национальных лидеров двух государств: П. Кагаме, Л.-Д. Кабилы, Ж. Кабилы и Ф. Чисекеди - в политическом развитии Конго, а также причин вспыхнувшего в 2022 г. конфликта между ДРК и Руандой. Использован комплексный подход к рассматриваемым процессам и явлениям, а также принципы сравнительного анализа данных и критической оценки информации. Актуальность предмета исследования обусловлена как возрастанием политической нестабильности в Африке и в мире в целом, так и заметным ростом влияния стран Африканского континента на международные политические и экономические процессы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>DRC</kwd><kwd>Rwanda</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd><kwd>civil wars</kwd><kwd>conflicts</kwd><kwd>economy of war</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ДРК</kwd><kwd>Руанда</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>гражданские войны</kwd><kwd>конфликты</kwd><kwd>экономика войны</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках гранта РНФ № 21-18-00123 «Анализ и моделирование  развития Африки в контексте внешнеполитических интересов России».</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The article was prepared within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation grant  21-18-00123 “Analysis and modeling of African development in the context of Russia’s foreign policy interests.”</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjarnadóttir, E. S. (2017). Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A study of “new wars” [MA thesis]. Reykjavík. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/45160182/Conflict_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_A_study_of_new_wars_</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Винокуров Ю. Н. Демократическая Республика Конго. Власть и оппозиция. Москва : Восточная литература, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeRouen, K., &amp; Heo, U. (Eds.). (2007). Civil wars of the world: Major conflicts since World War II. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кривушин И. В. Сто дней во власти безумия: руандийский геноцид 1994 г. Москва : Издательский дом  Высшей школы экономики, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Des Forges, A. (1999). Leave none to tell the story. New York: Human Rights Watch.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазов С. В. Холодная война в сердце Африки. СССР и конголезский кризис, 1960—1964. Москва : Русский фонд содействия образованию и науке, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fofana, I. (2009). A crisis of belonging: Rwanda’s ethnic nationalism and the Kivu conflict. Harvard International Review, 30(4), 34-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова Г. М. Африка: война идей и война людей в зеркале Демократической Республики Конго (из дневника дипломата). Москва : Наука — Восточная литература, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hensell, S., &amp; Gerdes, F. (2017). Exit from war: The transformation of rebels into post-war political elites. Security Dialogue, 48(2), 168-184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010616677713</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова Г. М. Военные конфликты в Демократической Республике Конго на рубеже XX—XXI веков и их особенности // Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4. История. 2011. Т. 16, № 2. С. 81—89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2011.2.11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jarstad, A. K., &amp; Sisk, T. D. (Eds.). (2008). From war to democracy: Dilemmas to peacebuilding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова Г. М. Вооруженные конфликты в Африке на примере Демократической Республике Конго. Москва : Восточная литература, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kisangani, E. F. (2000). The massacre of refugees in Congo: A case of UN peacekeeping failure and international law. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(2), 163-202. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0000330x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова Г. М. Интеграция Демократической Республики Конго в систему международных отношений // Экономические отношения. 2017. Т. 7, № 4. С. 375—386. https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.7.4.38603</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kisangani, E. F. (2012). Civil wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960-2010. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сидорова Г. М. Президентские выборы в Демократической Республике Конго: борьба за власть // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2019. № 4. С. 36—40. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750004381-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krivushin, I. V. (2019). One hundred days in the grip of madness: The Rwandan genocide of 1994. Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Точигин М. Ю. О внутриполитической ситуации в Демократической Республике Конго и перспективах миссии ООН (МООНСДРК) // Ученые записки Института Африки РАН. 2021. Т. 54, № 1. C. 46—51. https://doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2021-54-1-46-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin, A., &amp; Taylor, B. (Eds.). (2014). All that glitters is not gold: Dubai, Congo and the illicit trade of conflict minerals. Partnership Africa Canada, 1-27. Retrieved from https://impacttransform.org/ wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2014-May-All-That-Glitters-is-not-Gold-Dubai-Congo-and-the-Illicit-Trade-of-Conflict-Minerals.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">All that Glitters is Not Gold: Dubai, Congo and the Illicit Trade of Conflict Minerals / ed. by A. Martin, B. Taylor // Partnership Africa Canada. 2014. P. 1—27. URL: https://impacttransform.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2014-May-All-That-Glitters-is-not-Gold-Dubai-Congo-and-the-Illicit-Trade-of-Conflict-Minerals.pdf (accessed: 24.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazov, S. V. (2015). Cold War in the heart of Africa. The USSR and the Congo crisis, 1960-1964. Moscow: Russkii fond sodeistviya obrazovaniyu i nauke publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjarnadóttir E. S. Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A Study of “New Wars” : MA thesis. Reykjavík, 2017. URL: https://www.academia.edu/45160182/Conflict_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_A_study_of_new_wars_ (accessed: 24.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muraya, J., &amp; Ahere, J. (2014). Perpetuation of instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: When the Kivus sneeze, Kinshasa catches a cold. Occasional Paper Series, (1), 1-46. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/185859/ACCORD-occasionalpaper-2014-1.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II / ed. by K. DeRouen, U. Heo. Santa Barbara, CA : ABC-CLIO, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ngolet, F. (2011). Crisis in the Congo. The rise and fall of Laurent Kabila. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Des Forges A. Leave None to Tell the Story. New York : Human Rights Watch, 1999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsson, O., &amp; Congdon, H. (2003). Congo: The prize of predation. University of Gothenburg Working Papers in Economics, (97), 1-37. Retrieved from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/2818/ gunwpe0097rev.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fofana I. A Crisis of Belonging: Rwanda’s Ethnic Nationalism and the Kivu Conflict // Harvard International Review. 2009. Vol. 30, no. 4. P. 34—38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paris, R. (2004). At war’s end: Building peace after civil conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790836</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">From War to Democracy: Dilemmas to Peacebuilding / ed. by A.K. Jarstad, T.D. Sisk. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prunier, G. (1997). The Rwanda crisis: History of a genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hensell S., Gerdes F. Exit from War: The Transformation of Rebels into Post-war Political Elites // Security Dialogue. 2017. Vol. 48, no. 2. P. 168—184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010616677713</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prunier, G. (1998). The Rwandan Patriotic Front. In C. Clapham (Ed.), African guerrillas (pp. 119-133). Oxford: James Currey Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kisangani E. F. Civil Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960—2010. Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reyntjens, F. (2009). The Great African war: Congo and regional geopolitics 1996-2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596698</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kisangani E. F. The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law // The Journal of Modern African Studies. 2000. Vol. 38, no. 2. P. 163—202. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0000330x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, G. M. (2017). Integration of the Democratic Republic of the Congo into the system of international relations. Journal of International Economic Affairs, 7(4), 375-386. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.7.4.38603</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muraya J., Ahere J. Perpetuation of Instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: When the Kivus Sneeze, Kinshasa Catches a Cold // Occasional Paper Series. 2014. No. 1. P. 1—46. URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/185859/ACCORD-occasionalpaper-2014-1.pdf  (accessed: 24.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, G. M. (2011). Military conflicts and their peculiarities in Democratic Republic of Congo at the threshold of the 21st century. Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya, 16(2), 81-89. (In Russian). http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2011.2.11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ngolet F. Crisis in the Congo. The Rise and Fall of Laurent Kabila. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, G. M. (2013). Armed conflicts in Africa on the example of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsson O., Congdon H. Congo: The Prize of Predation // University of Gothenburg Working Papers in Economics. 2003. No. 97. P. 1—37. URL: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/2818/gunwpe0097rev.pdf (accessed: 22.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, G. M. (2015). Africa: The war of ideas and the war of people in the mirror of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (from the diary of a diplomat). Moscow: Nauka - Vostochnaya literatura publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paris R. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790836</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidorova, G. M. (2019). Presidential election in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The leadership struggle. Asia and Africa Today, (4), 36-40. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750004381-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prunier G. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York : Columbia University Press, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stearns, J. (2012). Dancing in the glory of monsters: The collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York: Public Affairs.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prunier G. The Rwandan Patriotic Front // African Guerrillas / ed. by C. Clapham. Oxford : James Currey Publishers, 1998. P. 119—133.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thom, W. G. (1999). Congo - Zaire’s 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence. Journal of Conflict Studies, 19(2), 93-123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reyntjens F. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996—2006. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596698</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tochigin, M. Yu. (2021). On the internal political situation in the DRC and the prospects of the UN Mission (MONUSCO). Journal of the Institute for African Studies, 54(1), 46-51. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2021-54-1-46-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stearns J. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York : Public Affairs, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinokurov, Yu. N. (2003). The Democratic Republic of the Congo. Power and opposition. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thom W. G. Congo — Zaire’s 1996—97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence // Journal of Conflict Studies. 1999. Vol. 19, no. 2. P. 93—123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlassenroot, K. (2004). Land and conflict: The case of Masisi. In K. Vlassenroot &amp; T. Raeymaekers (Eds.), Conflict and social transformation in eastern DR Congo (pp. 81-102). Gent: Academia Press Scientific Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlassenroot K. Land and Conflict: The Case of Masisi // Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern DR Congo / ed. by K. Vlassenroot, T. Raeymaekers. Gent : Academia Press Scientific Publishers, 2004. P. 81—102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlassenroot, K., &amp; Arnould, V. (2016). EU policies in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Try and fail? Security in Transition Working Papers, (6), 1-22. Retrieved from https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2016/03/FES_LSE_EU-Policies-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo_Vlassenroot_Arnould_2016-02-25. pdf?type=pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vlassenroot K., Arnould V. EU Policies in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Try and Fail? // Security in Transition Working Papers. 2016. No. 6. P. 1—22. URL: https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2016/03/FES_LSE_EU-Policies-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-Congo_Vlassenroot_Arnould_2016-02-25. pdf?type=pdf (accessed: 22.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
