<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">33058</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-4-645-658</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Challenge of “Decolonisation” and Need for a Comprehensive Redefinition of Neocolonialism</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вызов «деколонизации» и необходимость комплексного переопределения неоколониализма</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4977-0351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bovdunov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бовдунов</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Political Science), Leading Analyst</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, ведущий аналитик</p></bio><email>alexander.bovdunov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">International “Eurasian Movement”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международное «Евразийское Движение»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Postcolonialism and Anti-colonial Struggle</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Постколониализм и антиколониальная борьба</issue-title><fpage>645</fpage><lpage>658</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Bovdunov A.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Бовдунов А.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bovdunov A.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бовдунов А.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/33058">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/33058</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The need for “decolonisation” of the Second world and semi-periphery countries (in the terminology of world-systems analysis) is increasingly raised in practical policy as well as in academic publications. However, the very question of decolonisation as applied to countries that were the targets of European colonial expansion is fraught with both negative consequences in political practice and theoretical confusion. On the one hand, the discourse of “decolonisation” encourages separatist tendencies and leads to new conflicts. On the other hand, the notion of “colonialism” is becoming less rigorous: in this perspective, any territorial expansion by any state at any time in history can be described as colonialism. The notion of “colonialism” loses its specific historical meaning and hence turns from a scientific term into a propaganda cliché. Thus, the possibility to correctly comprehend the phenomenon of European colonialism as a concrete historical reality that determined the fate of the peoples of both Europe itself and other parts of the world in Modern times, the only “colonialism” that the peoples of the world have really faced for the last 500 years, disappears. Theoretical and practical, scientific and political aspects of the problem are closely linked. Within an expansive interpretation of “colonialism”, former colonial powers, moreover, states still possessing unequal dependencies, such as the USA, are able to accuse their geopolitical opponents of “colonialism” as they are multi-ethnic powers, formed as a result of long historical processes, where various practices of ethnic interaction have taken place. The very possibility of interpreting the practices of non-European powers (Russia, China, Iran, Ethiopia) as colonial is linked to the popular paradigm of “internal colonialism.” It has emerged as part of the post-colonial theory of international relations in European and American academic centres and by its very nature is an example of a deliberately biased approach that focuses on the most marginalised groups of “subalterns” but ignores major civilisational entities. The author points out the biases and shortcomings of this approach with concrete examples, reveals its philosophical premises and suggests using the findings of fundamental geopolitics, world-systems theory, philosophy of space and philosophy of culture to clarify the concept of “colonialism.”</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В практической политике, равно как и в научных публикациях, все чаще поднимаются вопросы о необходимости «деколонизации» стран «второго мира» и полупериферии (в терминологии мир-системного анализа). Однако сама постановка вопроса о деколонизации применительно к странам, которые были объектами европейской колониальной экспансии, чревата как негативными последствиями в политической практике, так и теоретической путаницей. С одной стороны, дискурс «деколонизации» подстегивает сепаратистские тенденции и ведет к возникновению новых конфликтов. С другой - понятие «колониализм» становится все менее строгим: в этой оптике колониализмом можно назвать любую территориальную экспансию любого государства в любой исторический период. Понятие «колониализм» теряет свою конкретно-историческую нагрузку, а значит, превращается из научного термина в пропагандистское клише. Таким образом, исчезает возможность корректно осмыслить феномен европейского колониализма как конкретной исторической реальности, определившей судьбы народов как самой Европы, так и других частей света в Новое время, единственного «колониализма», с которым реально сталкивались народы Земли в течение последних 500 лет. Теоретический и практический, научный и политический аспекты проблемы тесно связаны между собой. Бывшие колониальные державы, более того, государства, до сих пор имеющие неравноправные зависимые территории, как, например, США, в рамках расширительного толкования понятия «колониализм» получают возможность обвинять в «колониализме» своих геополитических противников, коль скоро они представляют собой полиэтничные державы, сложившиеся в результате долгих исторических процессов, где имели место различные практики взаимодействия этносов. Сама возможность интерпретировать практики неевропейских держав (России, Китая, Ирана, Эфиопии) как колониальные связана с популярной парадигмой «внутреннего колониализма». Она возникла в рамках постколониальной теории международных отношений в европейских и американских научных центрах и по самому своему характеру является примером сознательно ангажированного подхода, где в центре внимания находятся наиболее маргинализированные группы - «субалтерны», но игнорируются крупные цивилизационные общности. Автор на конкретных примерах отмечает предвзятость и недостатки этого подхода, раскрывает его философские предпосылки и предлагает использовать наработки фундаментальной геополитики, мир-системной теории, философии пространства и философии культуры для уточнения понятия «колониализм».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colonialism</kwd><kwd>internal colonialism</kwd><kwd>empire</kwd><kwd>postcolonial studies</kwd><kwd>world-system analysis</kwd><kwd>function and substance of capitalism</kwd><kwd>geopolitics</kwd><kwd>land and sea</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колониализм</kwd><kwd>внутренний колониализм</kwd><kwd>империя</kwd><kwd>постколониальные исследования</kwd><kwd>мир-системный анализ</kwd><kwd>функция и субстанция капитализма</kwd><kwd>геополитика</kwd><kwd>земля и море</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валлерстайн И. Мир-система Модерна. Том III: Вторая эпоха великой экспансии капиталистического мира-экономики, 1730—1840-е гг. Москва : Издательство Университета Дмитрия Пожарского, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennigsen, A. (1969). Colonization and decolonization in the Soviet Union. Journal of Contemporary History, 4(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200946900400110</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грамши А. Тюремные тетради : в трех частях. Ч. 1. Москва : Политиздат, 1991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дугин А. Г. Основы геополитики. Москва : Арктогея, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Birru, L. (1981). Abyssinian colonialism as the genesis of the crisis in the Horn: Oromo resistance (1855-1913). Northeast African Studies, 2/3(3/1), 93-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кагарлицкий Б. Ю. Периферийная империя: циклы русской истории. Москва : Алгоритм, Эксмо, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brzezinski, Zb. (1997). The grand chessboard: American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives. New York: Basic Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кожев А. «Атеизм» и другие работы. Москва : Праксис, 2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casanova, P. G. (1965). Internal colonialism and national development. Studies in Comparative International Development, 1(4), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02800542</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ленин В. И. Развитие капитализма в России. Москва : Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1950.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox, R. W., &amp; Sinclair, T. (1999). Approaches to the world order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ливен Д. Российская империя и ее враги с XVI века до наших дней. Москва : Европа, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darby, P., &amp; Paolini, A. J. (1994). Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 19(3), 371-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437549401900304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Люксембург Р. Накопление капитала. Москва; Ленинград : Соцэкгиз, 1934.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dugin, A. G. (2000). The foundations of geopolitics. Moscow: Arktogeia publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саид Э. Культура и империализм. Санкт-Петербург : Владимир Даль, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Etkind, A. (2013). Internal colonization: Russia’s imperial experience. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фитуни Л. Л., Абрамова И. О. Политическая теория деколонизации: императивы современного прочтения. // Полис. Политические исследования. 2020. № 6. С. 26—40. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.06.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fituni, L. L., &amp; Abramova, I. O. (2020). Political theory of decolonization: Essentials of modern reading. Polis. Political Studies, (6), 26-40. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.06.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурсов А. И. Колокола Истории. Москва : ИНИОН РАН, 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foucault, M. (1977). The political function of the intellectual. Radical Philosophy, (17), 12-14. Retrieved from https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-political-function-of-the-intellectual</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурсов А. И. Русская власть, Россия и Евразия: Великая Монгольская держава, самодержавие и коммунизм в больших циклах истории (très-très grand espace dans une très-très longue durée) // Русский исторический журнал. 2001. Т. IV, № 1—4. C. 15—114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fursov, A. I. (1996). The bells of history. Moscow: INION RAN publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шмитт К. Номос Земли в праве народов Jus publicum Europaeum. Санкт-Петербург : Владимир Даль, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fursov, A. I. (2001). Russian power, Russia and Eurasia: The great Mongol power, autocracy and communism in great cycles of history (très-très grand espace dans une très-très longue durée). Russian Historical Journal, IV(1-4), 15-114. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эткинд А. Внутренняя колонизация. Имперский опыт России. Москва : Новое литературное обозрение, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladney, D. C. (1998). Internal colonialism and the Uyghur nationality: Chinese nationalism and its subaltern subjects. CEMOTI, (25), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.4000/cemoti.48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge : Polity Press, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladney, D. C. (2004). Dislocating China: Muslims, minorities, and other subaltern subjects. London: C. Hurst &amp; Co</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennigsen А. Colonization and Decolonization in the Soviet Union // Journal of Contemporary History. 1969. Vol. 4, no. 1, Р. 141—151. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200946900400110</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gramsci, A. (1991). Prison notebooks in three parts. Part 1. Moscow: Politizdat publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhabha H. K. The Location of Culture. London : Routledge, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gramsci, A. (2005). Southern question. Toronto, Buffalo, Chicago, Lancaster (UK): Guernica.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Birru L. Abyssinian Colonialism as the Genesis of the Crisis in the Horn: Oromo Resistance (1855—1913) // Northeast African Studies. 1981. Vol. 2/3, no. 3/1. P. 93—98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grovogui, S. N. (2010). Postcolonialism. In T. Dunne, M. Kurki &amp; S. Smith (Eds.), International relations theories. Discipline and Diversity (pp. 239-256). Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brzezinski Zb. The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York : Basic Books, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassaniyan, A., &amp; Sohrabi, M. (2022). Colonial management of Iranian Kurdistan; with emphasis on water resources. Journal of World-Systems Research, 28(2), 320-343. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2022.1081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casanova P. G. Internal Colonialism and National Development // Studies in Comparative International Development. 1965. Vol. 1, no. 4. P. 27—37. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02800542 </mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hechter, M. (1999). Internal colonialism: The Celtic fringe in British national development. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox R. W., Sinclair T. Approaches to the World Order. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heraclides, A., &amp; Dialla, A. (2015). Humanitarian intervention in the long nineteenth century: Setting the precedent. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darby Ph., Paolini A. J. Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism // Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 1994. Vol. 19, no. 3. P. 371—397. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437549401900304 </mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric conception of world politics. Western International theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foucault M. The Political Function of the Intellectual // Radical Philosophy. 1977. No. 17. P. 12—14. URL: https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/the-political-function-of-the-intellectual  (accessed: 21.09.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holcomb, B. K., &amp; Ibssa, S. (1990). Invention of Ethiopia: The making of dependent colonial state in Northeast Africa. Trenton, N.J.: Red Sea Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladney D. C. Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects. London : C. Hurst &amp; Co., 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kagarlitsky, B. Y. (2009). The empire of periphery: Cycles of Russian history. Moscow: Algoritm, Eksmo publ. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladney D. C. Internal Colonialism and the Uyghur Nationality: Chinese Nationalism and its Subaltern Subjects // Cahiers d’études sur la Méditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien. 1998. No. 25. P. 1—12. https://doi.org/10.4000/cemoti.48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khodarkovsky, M. (1999). Of Christianity, enlightenment, and colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus, 1550-1800. The Journal of Modern History, 71(2), 394-430. https://doi.org/10.1086/235251</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gramsci А. Southern Question. Toronto, Buffalo, Chicago, Lancaster (UK) : Guernica, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khodarkovsky, M. (2002). Russia’s steppe frontier: The making of a colonial empire, 1500-1800. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grovogui S. N. Postcolonialism // International Relation Theories. Discipline and Diversity / ed. by T. Dunne, M. Kurki, S. Smith. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2010. Р. 239—255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khodarkovsky, M. (2011). Bitter choices. Loyalty and betrayal in the Russian conquest of the North Caucasus. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassaniyan A., Sohrabi M. Colonial Management of Iranian Kurdistan; with Emphasis on Water Resources // Journal of World-Systems Research. 2022. Vol. 28, no. 2. P. 320—343. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2022.1081 </mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kojève, A. (2006). “Atheism” and other works. Moscow: Praksis publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hechter M. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development. New Brunswik, N.J. : Transaction Publishers, 1999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolartz, W. (1953). Russia and her colonies. Hamden, CT: Archon Books.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heraclides A., Dialla A. Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent. Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LeDonne, J. P. (2002). Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s steppe frontier. Cahiers du Monde Russe, 43(4), 763-765. https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.4044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobson J. M. The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics. Western International Theory, 1760—2010. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lenin, V. I. (1950). The development of capitalism in Russia. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holcomb В. K., Ibssa S. Invention of Ethiopia: The Making of Dependent Colonial State in Northeast Africa. Trenton, N.J. : Red Sea Press, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liebich, A. (1995). Mensheviks wage the Cold War. Journal of Contemporary History, 30(2), 247-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200949503000203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khodarkovsky M. Bitter Choices. Loyalty and Betrayal in the Russian Conquest of the North Caucasus. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lieven, D. (2007). The Russian empire and its rivals from the sixteenth century to the present. Moscow: Evropa publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khodarkovsky M. Of Christianity, Enlightenment, and Colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus, 1550—1800 // The Journal of Modern History. 1999. Vol. 71, no. 2. P. 394—430. https://doi.org/10.1086/235251 </mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loomba, A. (1998). Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khodarkovsky M. Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500—1800. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luxemburg, R. (1934). The accumulation of capital. Moscow, Leningrad: Sotsekgiz publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolartz W. Russia and Her Colonies. Hamden, CT : Archon Books, 1953.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mackinder, H. J. (1996). Democratic ideals and reality: A study in the politics of reconstruction. Washington, DC: NDU Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LeDonne J. P. Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier // Cahiers du monde russe. 2002. Vol. 43, no. 4. P. 763—765. https://doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.4044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matin, K. (2022). Decolonising Iran: A tentative note on inter-subaltern colonialism. Current Anthropology, 63(2), 1-4. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360258068_Decolonising_Iran_A_Tentative_Note_on_Inter-Subaltern_Colonialism</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liebich А. Mensheviks Wage the Cold War // Journal of Contemporary History. 1995. Vol. 30, no. 2. P. 247—264. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200949503000203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morozov, V. (2015). Russia’s postcolonial identity. A subaltern empire in a Eurocentric world. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loomba A. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London : Routledge, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negash, T. (1997). Eritrea and Ethiopia. The federal experience. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mackinder H. J. Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. Washington, DC : NDU Press, 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Said, E. (2012). Culture and imperialism. Saint Petersburg: Vladimir Dal’ publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matin K. Decolonising Iran: A Tentative Note on Inter-Subaltern Colonialism // Current Anthropology. 2022. Vol. 63, no. 2. P. 1—4. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360258068_Decolonising_Iran_A_Tentative_Note_on_Inter-Subaltern_Colonialism (accessed: 15.10.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">San Juan Jr., E. (1995). On the limits of “postcolonial” theory: Trespassing letters from the “Third World”. ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature, 26(3), 89-115. Retrieved from https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ariel/article/view/31422</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morozov V. Russia’s Postcolonial Identity. A Subaltern Empire in a Eurocentric World. London : Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmitt, K. (2008). The nomos of the Earth in the International Law of Jus Publicum Europaeum. Saint Petersburg: Vladimir Dal’ publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Negash T. Eritrea and Ethiopia. The Federal Experience. Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwarz, S. M. (1952). Revising the history of Russian colonialism. Foreign Affairs, 30(3), 488-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/20030915</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">San Juan Jr. E. On the Limits of “Postcolonial” Theory: Trespassing Letters from the “Third World” // ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature. 1995. Vol. 26, no. 3. P. 89—115. URL: https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ariel/article/view/31422 (accessed: 15.10.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shohat, E. (1992). Notes on the “post-colonial”. Social Text, (31/32), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.2307/466220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwarz S. M. Revising the History of Russian Colonialism // Foreign Affairs. 1952. Vol. 30, no. 3. P. 488—493. https://doi.org/10.2307/20030915</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soleimani, K., &amp; Mohammadpour, A. (2019). Can non-Persians speak? The sovereign’s narration of “Iranian identity”. Ethnicities, 19(5), 925-947. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819853059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shohat E. Notes on the “Post-Colonial” // Social Text. 1992. No. 31/32. P. 99—113. https://doi.org/10.2307/466220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spivak, G. Ch. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson &amp; L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271-313). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soleimani К., Mohammadpour A. Can Non-Persians Speak? The Sovereign’s Narration of “Iranian Identity” // Ethnicities. 2019. Vol. 19, no. 5. P. 925—947. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819853059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spivak, G. Ch. (2021). How the heritage of postcolonial studies thinks colonialism today. Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies, 1(1), 19-29. Retrieved from https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/JU/article/view/2309/1826</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spivak G. Ch. Can the Subaltern Speak? // Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture / ed. by C. Nelson, L. Grossberg. Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press, 1988. P. 271—313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiliev, A. M., Degterev, D. A., &amp; Shaw, T. M. (2021). Decolonization, Postcolonialism, multiple modernities, and persistent East - West divide in African Studies. In A. M. Vasiliev, D. A. Degterev &amp; T. Shaw (Eds.), Africa and the formation of the new system of International Relations: Rethinking decolonization and foreign policy concepts (advances in African economic, social and political development) (pp. 1-17). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77336-6_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spivak G. Ch. How the Heritage of Postcolonial Studies Thinks Colonialism Today // Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies. 2021. Vol. 1, no. 1. P. 19—29. URL: https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/JU/article/view/2309/1826 (accessed: 15.10.2022)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallerstein, I. (2016). The modern world-system III: The second era of great expansion of the capitalist world-economy, 1730s - 1840s. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Universiteta Dmitrija Pozharskogo publ. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasiliev A. M., Degterev D. A., Shaw T. M. Decolonization, Postcolonialism, Multiple Modernities, and Persistent East — West Divide in African Studies // Africa and the Formation of the New System of International Relations: Rethinking Decolonization and Foreign Policy Concepts (Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development) / ed. by A. M. Vasiliev, D. A. Degterev, T. M. Shaw. Cham, Switzerland : Springer International Publishing, 2021. P. 1—17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77336-6_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Záhořík, J. (2014). Colonial perspective and nationalism(s) in Ethiopia in the context of African decolonization. West Bohemian Historical Review, 4(1), 149-174. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/295567974.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Záhořík J. Colonial Perspective and Nationalism(s) in Ethiopia in the Context of African Decolonization // West Bohemian Historical Review. 2014. Vol. 4, no 1. Р. 149—174. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/295567974.pdf (accessed: 15.10.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
