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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">31415</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-2-397-410</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL SECURITY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>国际安全</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Space and Counter-Space Activities of Great Powers in Outer Space</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Космическая и противокосмическая деятельность великих держав в космосе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2990-3663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Islam</surname><given-names>Md Badrul</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ислам</surname><given-names>Мд Бадрул</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lecturer, Department of International Relations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель кафедры международных отношений</p></bio><email>badrul.islam@bsmrstu.edu.bd</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science &amp; Technology University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический университет имени Бангабандху Шейха Муджибура Рахмана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Non-Western World in Cyberspace</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Незападный мир в киберпространстве</issue-title><fpage>397</fpage><lpage>410</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-07-03"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Islam M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Ислам М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Islam M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ислам М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/31415">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/31415</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The article is dedicated to outer space as a space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, open for exploration and use by all. Celestial bodies are natural resources of the common heritage of humanity. Their exploration and use for the benefit and discovery of all countries is the result of the ownership of all mankind. However, since the end of the 20th century and especially in the 21st century, outer space has gradually become militarized. This is due to changes in the system of warfare, which is likely to be heavily transformed in the coming future. In this transformational system, all domains of warfare will be interlinked and outer space will play a significant role. One example of such processes is the Gulf War, also called the First Space War, in which the US Army successfully used the outer space systems for its Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) activities. Since then, outer space has become an integral part of US military operations. Consequently, other great powers like Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China are also trying to develop the same capability to counter US dominance in outer space. Simultaneously, the US is continuing its counter-space capabilities to maintain the dominance in outer space. The growing dependence on outer space is not only applicable to the military operation but also to commercial and civilian activities. As a result, great powers are more actively engaging in various space and counter-space activities to pursue their national interests; such activity turns outer space into an arena for inter-state rivalry.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Рассматривается космос, включая Луну и иные небесные тела, в качестве пространства, открытого для исследования и использования всеми государствами, поскольку небесные тела - это природные ресурсы, являющиеся общим наследием человечества. Их исследование и использование на благо и для открытия всех стран является результатом права собственности всего человечества. Проанализированы аспекты милитаризации космического пространства великими державами, в частности США, Россиейи Китаем, в конце ХХ - начале XXI в. Этот процесс связан с изменениями в способах ведения боевых действий, в результате чего формируется новая система проведения военных операций в различных пространствах, взаимосвязанных друг с другом через космическое пространство. Одним из примеров является война в Персидском заливе, также известная как Первая «космическая» война, в которой американская армия успешно использовала свои спутниковые системы для тестирования автоматизированной системы управления войсками (АСУВ). С тех пор космическое пространство стало неотъемлемой частью военных операций США. Россия и Китай также пытаются развивать аналогичные системы и возможности для противодействия господству США в космосе. При этом США продолжают совершенствовать свои контркосмические возможности для сохранения превосходства в космическом пространстве. Растущая зависимость от космоса характерна не только для военных операций, но и коммерческой и гражданской деятельности. Также великие державы в целях реализации своих национальных интересов инициируют различные космические и контркосмические мероприятия, что превращает космос в арену межгосударственного противостояния.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>security</kwd><kwd>outer space</kwd><kwd>great power competition</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>China</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>космическое пространство</kwd><kwd>великодержавная конкуренция</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>КНР</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ali Khan, S., &amp; Imam, I. (2019). 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