<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24624</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-3-504-520</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sanctions in U.S. - Russia Relations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль санкций в отношениях США и России</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ziegler</surname><given-names>Charles E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиглер</surname><given-names>Чарльз Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">PhD in Political Science, Professor of Political Science and University Scholar, University of Louisville (Kentucky, USA), Faculty Director, Executive Director, Louisville Committee on Foreign Relations</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">доктор политологии, профессор политологии и научный сотрудник Университета Луисвилл, директор факультета и исполнительный директор Луисвиллского комитета по международным отношениям</bio><email>Charles.ziegler@louisville.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Louisville</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Луисвилл</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Russia’s Foreign Policy in the 21st Century: Views from Inside and Outside</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Внешняя политика России в XXI веке в оценках российских и зарубежных экспертов</issue-title><fpage>504</fpage><lpage>520</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-09-20"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Ziegler C.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Зиглер Ч.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ziegler C.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зиглер Ч.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/24624">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/24624</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">Given America’s leading position in the global economy, the U.S. government has frequently leveraged that power to punish “rogue states”, discourage nuclear proliferation, promote democratization, and create pressure for regime change. Washington relied on economic incentives in relations with Russia after 1991, but since 2012 the United States has utilized a broad range of economic sanctions against Russian side, leading to a significant deterioration in what was already a troubled relationship. In contrast to earlier comprehensive sanctions like those imposed on Iraq and Haiti, the U.S. is now crafting “smart” or targeted sanctions designed to exert maximum pressure on selected Russian elites and firms. Rather than evaluating the effectiveness of these measures on changing Russian behavior, the author explores the neglected domestic dimension of the U.S. sanctions process to improve understanding of U.S. foreign policy. This article draws on primary sources in the form of Congressional legislation, executive orders, and official statements to analyze U.S. sanctions imposed on Russia, and develops three brief case studies - the Magnitsky Act, post-Ukraine sanctions, and the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act - to explicate the main issues and actors driving U.S. sanctions. The author argues that domestic factors, including Congressional pressures and interest group activity, are critical to understanding U.S. sanctions regimes. While President Donald Trump has frequently resisted congressionally imposed sanctions, expectations for a more conciliatory approach towards Russia under the Trump administration have not materialized.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">Учитывая лидирующую позицию Соединенных Штатов Америки в мировой экономике, правительство США часто задействовало свою власть для наказания «стран-изгоев», противодействия распространению ядерного оружия, содействия демократизации и оказания давления на смену политического режима. После 1991 г. в рамках сотрудничества с Россией Вашингтон применял экономические стимулы, но с 2012 г. Соединенные Штаты используют широкий спектр экономических санкций против российской стороны, что привело к значительному ухудшению и без того сложных взаимоотношений. В отличие от ранее введенных всеобъемлющих мер воздействия, подобных тем, которые применялись в отношении Ирака и Гаити, США сейчас разрабатывают «умные» или целенаправленные санкции, призванные оказать максимальное давление на отдельные российские элиты и фирмы. Вместо оценки эффективности принудительных мер с точки зрения изменения поведения России автор исследует игнорируемое внутреннее измерение американских санкций с целью улучшения понимания внешней политики США. В статье с целью анализа американских санкций, наложенных на Россию, рассмотрены первичные источники в виде законодательных актов Конгресса США, указов и официальных заявлений, а также проведен анализ трех кратких практических примеров - закона Магницкого, мер воздействия, введенных после украинских событий, и Закона о противодействии противникам США посредством санкций - для объяснения основных вопросов и субъектов, определяющих меры принуждения США. Автор утверждает, что внутренние факторы, в том числе давление со стороны Конгресса и деятельность заинтересованных групп, имеют решающее значение для понимания режимов американских санкций. Хотя президент Соединенных Штатов Америки Д. Трамп часто сам сопротивлялся такого рода мерам воздействия, введенным Конгрессом, ожидания более примирительного подхода в отношении России под его руководством не оправдались.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sanctions, U.S</kwd><kwd>Russia relations</kwd><kwd>U.S. Congress</kwd><kwd>economic coercion</kwd><kwd>Magnitsky Act</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>российско-американские отношения</kwd><kwd>Конгресс США</kwd><kwd>экономическое принуждение</kwd><kwd>закон Магнитского</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Baldwin, D. (1985). Economic Statecraft. Princeton: Princeton University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Barry, C.M. &amp; Kleinberg, K.B. (2015). Profiting from Sanctions: Economic Coercion and US Foreign Direct Investment in Third-Party States. International Organization, 69 (4), 881-912. DOI: 10.1017/ S002081831500017X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Browder, B. (2015). Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice. New York: Simon and Schuster</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Chan, S. &amp; Drury, A.C. (2000). Sanctions as Economic Statecraft: An Overview. In: Chan, S. &amp; Drury, A.C. (Eds.). Sanctions as Economic Statecraft: Theory and Practice. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 1-16. DOI:10.1057/9780230596979_1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Connolly, R. (2018). Russia’s Response to Sanctions: How Western Economic Statecraft Is Reshaping Political Economy in Russia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Crawford, N. &amp; Klotz, A. (Eds.). (1999). How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Drezner, D.W. (1999). The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Drezner, D.W. (2015). Targeted Sanctions in a World of Global Finance. International Interactions, 41, 755-764. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2015.1041297</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Early, B.R. (2015). Busted Sanctions: Explaining Why Economic Sanctions Fail. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Firestone, T. &amp; Contini, K. (2018). The Global Magnitsky Act. Criminal Law Forum, 29 (4), 617-628. DOI: 10.1007/s10609-018-9353-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gibbons, E.D. (1999). Sanctions in Haiti: Human Rights and Democracy under Assault. Westport, CT: Praeger.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gilligan, E. (2016). Smart Sanctions against Russia: Human Rights, Magnitsky and the Ukraine Crisis. Demokratizatsiya, 24 (2), 257-277.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gordon, J. (2011). Smart Sanctions Revisited. Ethics &amp; International Affairs, 25 (3), 315-335. DOI: 10.1017/ S0892679411000323</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Gordon, J. (2012). Invisible War: The United States and the Iraq Sanctions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Gould-Davies, N. (2020). Russia, the West and Sanctions. Survival, 61 (1), 7-28. DOI: 10.1080/ 00396338.2020.1715060</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hufbauer, G., Schott, J.J., Kimberly, A.E. &amp; Oegg, B. (2009). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered. 3rd edition. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Jentleson, B.W. (2000). Economic Sanctions and Post-Cold War Conflicts: Challenges for Theory and Policy. In: Stern, P.C. &amp; Druckman, D. (Eds.). International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. P. 123-171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kaplowitz, D.R. (1998). Anatomy of a Failed Embargo: U.S. Sanctions against Cuba. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Khudoley, K.K. (2019). Russia and the USA: Cool War Ahead? Teorija in Praksa, 56 (1), 98-117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>LeoGrande, W.M. (2015). A Policy Long Past Its Expiration Date: US Economic Sanctions against Cuba. Social Research, 82 (4), 939-966.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Marsh, K. &amp; Lantis, J.A. (2018). Are All Foreign Policy Innovators Created Equal? The New Generation of Congressional Foreign Policy Entrepreneurship. Foreign Policy Analysis, 14 (2), 212-234. DOI: 10.1093/fpa/orw030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Martin, L.L. (1992). Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Niblock, T. (2001). “Pariah States” and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>O’Sullivan, M.L. (2003). Shrewd Sanctions: Statecraft and State Sponsors of Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Pape, R.A. (1997). Why Sanctions Do Not Work. International Security, 22 (2), 90-136. DOI: 10.2307/2539368</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Petrovsky, V. (2014). Russia and East Asia in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis: ‘No’ to Sanctions, ‘Yes’ to a New World Order. International Affairs (Moscow), 60 (6), 88-99.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Weiss, T.G. (1999). Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: Weighing Humanitarian Impulses. Journal of Peace Research, 36 (5), 499-509.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zarate, J.C. (2009). Harnessing the Financial Furies: Smart Financial Power and National Security. The Washington Quarterly, 32 (4), 43-59. DOI: 10.1080/01636600903235890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Zarate, J.C. (2013). Treasury’s War: The Unleashing of a New Era of Financial Warfare. New York: PublicAffairs.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ziegler, C.E. (2018a). Russian Diplomacy: Challenging the West. Journal of Diplomacy, 19 (1), 74-90.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Ziegler, C.E. (2018b). China - Russia Relations in Energy, Trade and Finance: Strategic Implications and Opportunities for U.S. Policy. In: Ellings, R.J. &amp; Sutter, R. (Eds.). Axis of Authoritarians. Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research. P. 51-80</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
