<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23975</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-2-347-355</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Visegrad Group and Relations with Russia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вышеградская группа и отношения с Россией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Višňovský</surname><given-names>Radovan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вишнёвский</surname><given-names>Радован</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">PhD student, International Relations and World Politics programme</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">аспирант, программа «Международные отношения и мировая политика»</bio><email>visnovskyr@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Contemporary Area Studies: Overcoming Level-of-Analysis Eclecticism</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Современное регионоведение: преодолевая эклектику уровней анализа</issue-title><fpage>347</fpage><lpage>355</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-15"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Višňovský R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Вишнёвский Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Višňovský R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вишнёвский Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/23975">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/23975</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">This article refers to the Central European countries by meaning the Visegrad Group countries (V4) - Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia. The development of the Visegrad Group aimed on integration to the Euro-Atlantic structures fulfilled its promise, nevertheless, the membership in Western structures does not necessarily mean the loss of Russian influence in the region of Central Europe. On the contrary, the region’s connection to Russia developed in the past remained to some extent even after the process of political transition in particular countries. Such connections are responsible for foreign policy discourse with a plethora of questions and misunderstandings on issues related to the political attitudes of Visegrad members towards Russia and some contradictory stances of the V4 countries among themselves as well with respect to Brussels. The EU’s politics of sanctions towards Russia is having a direct, counterproductive effect in Visegrad, what is resulting in undermined relations and weakened coherence inside the EU with the emergence of anti-Western and pro-Russian political parties that creates the space for Russian foreign policy to achieve more influence in the region. This article is analyzing the background of such discourse and some of the reasons behind the pro-Russian sentiment or discrepancies and non-coherence of the EU members’ opinions on Russia. At the same time, the awareness of the outcomes of this article can be relevant in analyzing the possibilities to avoid the deepening of the conflictual foreign policy between the EU and Russia, or the Visegrad and Russia, respectively. The research is built on both, primary and secondary sources, related mainly to the evolution of relations in specific areas between both sides. The mentioned historical perspective creates the basis of the analysis and is further put into contemporary discourse to find the answers on the question: what are the reasons for non-coherence of the EU and Visegrad towards the policy against Russia? To achieve the above-mentioned results, the analysis is provided in chronological perspective using the mixed methods by exploring the official documents, scholarly articles published on the topic, and public polls as well.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">Объединение стран Центральной Европы в Вышеградскую четверку (в составе Венгрии, Чехии, Польши и Словакии) после распада социалистического блока, нацеленное на дальнейшую интеграцию в евроатлантические структуры, оправдало ожидания, в то же время вступление этих стран в западные военно-политические структуры необязательно означает потерю влияния России в данном регионе. Напротив, созданная в прошлом связь региона с Россией в некоторой степени сохранилась и после процесса политического перехода в отдельных странах. Такого рода связь определяет наличие множества вопросов и недоразумений во внешнеполитическом дискурсе как в отношении политики стран Вышеградской группы (V4) к России, так и в случае взаимодействия стран V4 между собой или же в отношении Брюсселя. Политика санкций, проводимая ЕС в отношении России, имеет контрпродуктивный эффект в случае стран Вышеградской четверки, что приводит к ослаблению согласованности внутри Европейского союза, а также появлению антизападных и пророссийских политических партий, создавая пространство для достижения большего влияния России в регионе. В статье анализируются предпосылки появления подобного политического дискурса, а также некоторые причины, лежащие в основе пророссийских настроений, расхождений и несогласованности мнений членов ЕС в отношении России. В то же время выводы, сформулированные по итогам данного исследования, могут быть актуальны при анализе возможностей избежать усугубления конфликтов во внешней политике между ЕС и Россией или стран Вышеградской группы и Россией. В исследовании были использованы как первичные, так и вторичные источники, касающиеся главным образом эволюции отношений в конкретных областях между сторонами. Упомянутый исторический подход создает основу для анализа, который в дальнейшем рассматривается в рамках современных реалий с целью поиска ответов на вопрос о причинах несогласованности позиций ЕС и стран Вышеградской четверки относительно России. С целью достижения вышеуказанных результатов анализ представлен в хронологическом порядке с использованием различных методов путем изучения официальных документов, научных статей, опубликованных по этой теме, а также социальных опросов общественного мнения.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Visegrad Group</kwd><kwd>Central Europe</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>European Union</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd><kwd>influence</kwd><kwd>non-coherence</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Вышеградская группа</kwd><kwd>Центральная Европа</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>влияние</kwd><kwd>несогласованность</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Blank, S. (1998). Russia, NATO Enlargement, and the Baltic States. World Affairs, 160 (3), 115-125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Cabada, L. (2018). The Visegrad Cooperation in the Context of Other Central European Cooperation Formats. Politics in Central Europe, 14 (2), 165-179. DOI: 10.2478/pce-2018-0014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Cameron, D. &amp; Orenstein, M. (2013). Post-Soviet Authoritarianism: The Influence of Russia in Its “Near Abroad”. Post-Soviet Affairs, 28 (1), 1-44. DOI: 10.2747/1060-586X.28.1.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Dangerfield, M. (2012). Visegrad Co-operation and Russia. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50 (6), 958-974. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02295.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dangerfield, M. (2015). Economic Relations between Visegrad Group Countries and Russia: How Much Has Changed? EUSA Fourteenth Biennial Conference, 5-7 March. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ 3c4a/b82c63fa56f9719920f995e7f463c6cf566e.pdf?_ga=2.83412502.182790737.1581971339-1630200980. 1581971339 (accessed: 25.11.2019)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Dostal, V. (2015). Trends of Visegrad Foreign Policy. Prague: Association for International Affairs. P. 1-69. URL: http://www.amo.cz/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Trends-of-Visegrad-foreign-policy.pdf (accessed: 25.11.2019)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Duleba, A. (1998). From Domination to Partnership: The Perspectives of Russian - Central-East European Relations. Final Report to the NATO Research Fellowship Program, 1996-1998, 1-118</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Duleba, A. (2009). Poučenia z plynovej krízy v januári 2009. Analýza príčin vzniku, pravdepodobnosti opakovania a návrhy opatrení na zvýšenie energetickej bezpečnosti SRvoblasti dodávok zemného plynu. The Slovak Foreign Policy Association, 1-42</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fawn, R. (2014). Visegrad’s Place in the EU since Accession in 2004: “Western” Perceptions. International Issues &amp; Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 23 (1-2), 3-24.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fedorov, Y.E. (2013). Continuity and Change in Russia’s Policy toward Central and Eastern Europe. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 46 (3), 315-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2013.06.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gerasymchuk, S. (2014). Visegrad Group’s Solidarity in 2004-2014: Tested by Ukrainian Crisis. International Issues &amp; Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 23 (1-2), 42-54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gressel, G. (2017). Fellow Travellers: Russia, anti-Westernism, and Europe’s Political Parties. European Council on Foreign Relations Brief Policy, 225, 1-16. URL: https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR225_-_FELLOW_ TRAVELLERS1.pdf (accessed: 25.11.2019)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gyárfášová, O. &amp; Mesežnikov, G. (2016). 25 Years of the V4 as Seen by the Public. Bratislava.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Kucharczyk, J. &amp; Mesežnikov, G. (Eds.). (2015). Diverging Voices, Converging Policies: The Visegrad States’ Reactions to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. Warsaw: Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Marušiak, J. (2015). Russia and the Visegrad Group - More Than a Foreign Policy Issue. International Issues &amp; Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 24 (1-2), 28-46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Marušiak, J. (2013a). Slovakia’s Eastern Policy - from the Trojan Horse of Russia to Eastern Multivectoralism. International Issues &amp; Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 22 (1-2), 42-70.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Marušiak, J. (Eds.). (2013b). Internal Cohesion of the Visegrad Group. Bratislava: Veda, Publishing house of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Mišík, M. (2012). Crisis as Remedy? The 2009 Gas Crisis and Its Influence on the Increase of Energy Security within Visegrad Group Countries. International Issues &amp; Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 21 (1-2), 56-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pakulski, J. (Eds.). (2016). The Visegrad Countries in Crisis. Warsaw: Collegium Civitas</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Póti, L. (2006). The Rediscovered Backyard: Central Europe in Russian Foreign Policy. Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia. 21st Century COE Program Slavic Eurasian Studies. July 6-7. Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. P. 113-133</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Racz, A. (2014). The Visegrad Cooperation: Central Europe Divided over Russia. L’Europe en Formation, 374 (4), 61-76. DOI:10.3917/eufor.374.0061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Sangtu, K. (2006). Russia’s Choice of Alliance: Balancing or Bandwagoning. Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia. 21st Century COE Program Slavic Eurasian Studies. July 6-7. Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. P. 149-161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Shishelina, N.L. (2015). Russia’s View of Relations with European Union and the Visegrad Group. International Issues &amp; Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, 24 (1-2), 66-83</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Stojarová, V. (2018). Populist, Radical and Extremist Political Parties in Visegrad Countries Vis a Vis the Migration Crisis. In the Name of the People and the Nation in Central Europe. Open Political Science, 1 (1), 32-45. DOI: 10.1515/openps-2018-0001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Sydoruk, T. &amp; Tyshchenko, D. (2016). Positions of the Visegrad Four Countries and the Baltic States on the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict. Toruńskie Studia Międzynarodowe, 9 (1), 17-30</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Szomolányi, S. (2004). From a Difficult Case of Transition to a Consolidated Central European Democracy. Democracy and Market Economics in Central and Eastern Europe: Are New Institutions Being Consolidated. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. P. 149-188</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Szomolányi, S. (2000). Why Slovakia’s Transition Trajectory Has Been so Difficult? Társadalom és gazdaság Közép- és Kelet-Európában / Society and Economy in Central and Eastern Europe, 22 (1), 60-86. DOI: 10.2307/41468455</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Tarnawski, M. (2015). Security of Gas Supply in the Countries of the Visegrád Group. Securitologia, 21 (1), 127-142</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
