<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22846</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-4-675-689</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BILATERIAL RELATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДВУСТОРОННИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>双方关系</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Turkey and Greece: Political and Economic Relations within the Conflict Circumstances (1999-2017)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Турция и Греция: политические и экономические отношения в конфликтных условиях (1999-2017 гг.)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atrashkevich</surname><given-names>Alexandra Nikolaevna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атрашкевич</surname><given-names>Александра Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>alexandra.atra13@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт востоковедения РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Islamic Factor in World Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Исламский фактор в мировой политике</issue-title><fpage>675</fpage><lpage>689</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Atrashkevich A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Атрашкевич А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Atrashkevich A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Атрашкевич А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/22846">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/22846</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The author distinguishes four stages of bilateral relations between Turkey and Greece in 1999-2017: 1) the “thaw” of 1999-2003; 2) the period of the growing cooperation with attempts to resolve the Cyprus issue in 2003-2009; 3) the next one encompassing 2009-2014, when efforts to build a contractual-cum-institutional basis for the expansion of relations took place: 4) and that of worsening the political relations in 2014-2017. After analyzing these phases, the author concludes that during the whole of study period, Ankara and Athens failed to improve their bilateral relations to the point of overcoming negative historical accounts and ethnic stereotypes. Despite the constant increase of the trade volume, at the political level there were a number of problems hindering the intensification of the bilateral dialogue. The main ones are the Cyprus issue and Turkey’s claims on the Greek continental shelf. The solution of these issues is obligatory for the further development of bilateral political relations as well as for the maintenance of the security in the region.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Автор статьи выделяет четыре этапа эволюции турецко-греческих отношений в 1999-2017 гг.: 1999-2003 - «оттепель»; 2003-2009 - интенсификация сотрудничества и попыток урегулирования кипрского вопроса; 2009-2014 - создание правовой базы для расширения турецко-греческих связей; 2014-2017 - обострение политических отношений между двумя странами. Данная периодизация базируется главным образом на изменениях в политической сфере турецко-греческих взаимоотношений. В перспективе может быть проведена также периодизация экономических отношений Турции и Греции, так как двусторонние отношения на политическом и экономическом уровнях, несмотря на их взаимозависимость, подвержены разным факторам влияния. Проанализировав выделенные четыре этапа, автор приходит к выводу, что в исследуемый период турецко-греческие отношения характеризуются неустойчивостью, хотя за последние два десятилетия удалось создать институциональную базу для плодотворного развития сотрудничества в таких сферах, как экономика, туризм, информационные технологии и др. Иными словами, впервые после высадки турецких военных на Кипр в 1974 г. между правительствами двух государств был выстроен отлаженный коммуникативный механизм. Однако при достаточно стабильном, периодически расширяющемся экономическом сотрудничестве на политическом уровне сохраняется ряд проблем, сдерживающих расширение двустороннего диалога. Основные из них - это кипрский вопрос и претензии Турции на часть греческого континентального шельфа. Урегулирование данных вопросов представляется обязательным не только для развития двусторонних отношений, но и для поддержания безопасности в целом, так как столкновение интересов этих двух государств в Эгейском море может привести к дестабилизации всего региона.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Greece</kwd><kwd>Turkey</kwd><kwd>the Cyprus issue</kwd><kwd>the Annan Plan</kwd><kwd>the European Union</kwd><kwd>political dialogue</kwd><kwd>Turkish</kwd><kwd>Greek relations</kwd><kwd>Aegean Sea</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Греция</kwd><kwd>Турция</kwd><kwd>кипрский вопрос</kwd><kwd>«план Аннана»</kwd><kwd>Европейский союз</kwd><kwd>политический диалог</kwd><kwd>турецко-греческие отношения</kwd><kwd>Эгейское море</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksu, F. (2018). Confidence Building, Negotiation and Economic Cooperation Efforts in Turkish-Greek Relations (1990—2004). Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, 31—109. URL: http://www.turkishgreek.org/yayinlar/makaleler/ makaleler-1/item/120-confidence-building-negotiation-and-economic-cooperation-efforts-in-turkish-greek-relations (accessed: 25.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лубоцкая А.С. Особенности греко-турецких отношений на современном этапе // Проблемы национальной стратегии. Вып. 1. М., 2015. С. 24-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bahcheli, T. (1997). Cyprus in the Post-Cold War Era: Moving Toward a Settlement? In: Bahcheli, T., Couloumbis, T.A., Carley, P. Greek-Turkish Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy. Cyprus, the Aegean, and Regional Stability. United States Institute of Peace. URL: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pwks17.pdf (accessed: 10.01.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поцхверия Б.М. Внешняя политика Турции после второй мировой войны. М.: Наука, 1976.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bitzenis, A., Makedos, I. &amp; Kontakos, P. (2014). The Presence of Greek Multinational Enterprises in Southeastern Europe: the Influence of Shadow Economy and Corruption in the Investment Expansion of Greek Multinationals. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319932948_The_presence_of_the_Greek_Multinational_Enterprises_in_SouthEastern_Europe_The_influence_of_shadow_economy_and_corruption_in_the_investment_expansion_of_Greek_ multinationals (accessed: 15.01.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Улунян А.А. Политическая история современной Греции. Конец VIII в. - 90-е гг. ХХ в.: курс лекций. М.: ИВИ РАН, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chadjipadelis, T. &amp; Andreadis, I. (2007). Analysis of the Cyprus Referendum on the Annan plan. URL: http://www.polres.gr/ en/sites/default/files/PSA2007.pdf (accessed: 20.01.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фишер Р., Юри У., Путь к согласию, или Переговоры без поражения. М.: Наука, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evin, A.O. (2004). Changing Greek Perspectives on Turkey: An Assessment of the post-Earthquake Rapprochement. Turkish Studies, 5, 1, 4—20. DOI: 10.1080/14683849.2004.9687239</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хальбвакс М. Коллективная и историческая память // Неприкосновенный запас. 2005. № 2-3. С. 8-27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher, R. &amp; Yury, W.L. (1992). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in. Moscow: Nauka publ. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шахин Э. Кипрский вопрос в переговорах о вступлении Турции в Европейский союз (1990-е - начало XXI в.): дис. ... канд. ист. наук. СПб., 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gkouzelos, D. &amp; Konstantopoulos, D. (2010). Ellinotoukikes oikonomikes scheseis apo ton v pankosmio polemo. Tei Kavalas scholi dioikisis kai oikonomias [Greek-Turkish Economic Relations after the World War. Technological Educational Institute of Kavala]. URL: http://digilib.teiemt.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1861/1/022010196.pdf (accessed: 14.10.2019). (In Greek).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aksu F. Confidence Building, Negotiation and Economic Cooperation Efforts in Turkish-Greek Relations (1990-2004) // Turkish Review of Balkan Studies. 2004. P. 31-109. URL: http://www.turkishgreek.org/yayinlar/makaleler/makaleler-1/ item/120-confidence-building-negotiation-and-economic-cooperation-efforts-in-turkish-greek-relations (accessed: 25.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guida, M. (2008). The Sèvres Syndrome and “Komplo” Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press. Turkish Studies, 9, 1, 37—52. DOI: 10.1080/14683840701813994</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bahcheli T. Cyprus in the Post-Cold War Era: Moving Toward a Settlement? // Bahcheli T., Couloumbis T.A., Carley P. Greek-Turkish Relations and U.S. Foreign Policy. Cyprus, the Aegean, and Regional Stability. United States Institute of Peace, 1997. URL: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pwks17.pdf (accessed: 10.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halbwachs, M. (2005). Historical Memory and Collective Memory. Emergency Store, 2—3, 8—27. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bitzenis A., Makedos I., Kontakos P. The Presence of Greek Multinational Enterprises in Southeastern Europe: the Influence of Shadow Economy and Corruption in the Investment Expansion of Greek Multinationals. 2014. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319932948_The_presence_of_the_Greek_Multinational_Enterprises_in_ South-Eastern_Europe_The_influence_of_shadow_economy_and_corruption_in_the_investment_expansion_of_Greek_ multinationals (accessed: 15.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heraclides, A. (2011). The Essence of the Greek-Turkish Rivalry: National Narrative and Identity. GreeSe Paper, 51. Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe. URL: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/45693/1/GreeSE%20No51.pdf (accessed: 10.01.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chadjipadelis T., Andreadis I. Analysis of the Cyprus Referendum on the Annan Plan. 2007. URL: http://www.polres.gr/ en/sites/default/files/PSA 2007.pdf (accessed: 20.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keridis, D. (1999). Political Culture and Foreign Policy: Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of European Integration and Globalization. A NATO Fellowship Final Report. Cambridge. URL: https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/keridis.pdf (accessed: 05.10.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evin A.O. 2 Changing Greek Perspectives on Turkey: An Assessment of the Post-Earthquake Rapprochement // Turkish Studies. 2004. Vol. 5. No. 1. P. 4-20. DOI: 10.1080/14683849.2004.9687239</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kontakos, P. (2010). Greek Direct Investments in Turkey: the Past Decade and the Future. In: 5th Biennial Hellenic Observatory PhD Symposium on Contemporary Greece &amp; Cyprus, London School of Economics (LSE), London. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213085_Greek_Direct_Investments_in_Turkey_the_past_decade_ and_the_future (accessed: 10.06.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guida M. The Sèvres Syndrome and “Komplo” Theories in the Islamist and Secular Press // Turkish Studies. 2008. Vol. 9. No. 1. P. 37-52. DOI: 10.1080/14683840701813994</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lubotskaya, A.S. (2015). Features of Contemporary Greek—Turkish Relations. National Strategy Issue, 1 (28), 24—39. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heraclides A. The Essence of the Greek-Turkish Rivalry: National Narrative and Identity // GreeSe Paper. No. 51. Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe, 2011. URL: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/45693/1/GreeSE%20No51.pdf (accessed: 10.01.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitsoulis, A. (2010). Vertreibung und Diplomatie: Hintergruende und Umdeutungen des griechisch-türkischen «Bevoelkerungsaustauschs» von 1923. IMIS-Beiträge, 36. Osnabrück: IMIS, 2010. URL: https://www.imis.uni-osnabrueck.de/ fileadmin/4_Publikationen/PDFs/imis36.pdf (accessed: 19.01.2019). (In German).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keridis D. Political Culture and Foreign Policy: Greek-Turkish Relations in the Era of European Integration and Globalization // A NATO Fellowship Final Report. Cambridge, 1999. URL: https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/keridis.pdf (accessed: 05.10.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potzhveriya, B.M. (1976). Turkey’s Foreign Policy after the World War II. Moscow: Nauka publ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kontakos P. Greek Direct Investments in Turkey: the Past Decade and the Future // 5th Biennial Hellenic Observatory PhD Symposium on Contemporary Greece &amp; Cyprus, London School of Economics (LSE), London, 2010. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319213085_Greek_Direct_Investments_in_Turkey_the_past_decade_and_ the_future (accessed: 10.06.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reuter, J. (1999). Reshaping Greek—Turkish Relations: Developments before and after the EU-summit in Helsinki. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/23223/ Reshaping%20Greek-Turkish%20Relations.pdf (accessed: 15.01.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitsoulis A. Vertreibung und Diplomatie: Hintergründe und Umdeutungen des griechisch-türkischen «Bevölkerungsaustauschs» von 1923 // IMIS-Beiträge, 36. Osnabrück: IMIS, 2010. URL: https://www.imis.uni-osnabrueck.de/fileadmin/ 4_Publikationen/PDFs/imis36.pdf (accessed: 19.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rumelili, B. (2004). The European Union’s Impact on the Greek—Turkish Conflict // Working Papers Series in EU Border Conflicts Studies. Bogazici University, University of Birmingham. URL: http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/ college-social-sciences/government-society/polsis/research/2006/eu-border-conflict/wp06-eu-impact-on-the-greekturkish-conflict.pdf (accessed: 12.01.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reuter J. Reshaping Greek-Turkish Relations: Developments before and after the EU-summit in Helsinki // Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). 1999. URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/23223/Reshaping% 20Greek-Turkish%20Relations.pdf (accessed: 15.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahin, E. (2016). The Cyprus Issue in the Negotiations on Turkey’s Accession to the European Union (1990s — early 21st Century): PhD thesis. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rumelili B. The European Union’s Impact on the Greek-Turkish Conflict // Working Papers Series in EU Border Conflicts Studies. Bogazici University, University of Birmingham, 2004. URL: http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/ college-social-sciences/government-society/polsis/research/2006/eu-border-conflict/wp06-eu-impact-on-the-greekturkish-conflict.pdf (accessed: 12.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Theodoropoulos, B. (1990). Griechenland und Griechentum Gedanken zur Gestaltung der griechischen Außenpolitik. In: Hänsel, B. (Eds.). Die Entwicklung Griechenlands und die deutsch-griechischen Beziehungen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. S. 113—122. München: Südosteuropa-Ges. URL: https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/ bsb00055622_00002.html?prox=true&amp;phone=true&amp;context=“Griechenland+und+Griechentum+“&amp;ngram=true&amp;hl= scan&amp;fulltext=“Griechenland+und+Griechentum+“&amp;mode=simple (accessed: 17.01.2019). (In German).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Theodoropoulos B. Griechenland und Griechentum Gedanken zur Gestaltung der griechischen Außenpolitik // Die Entwicklung Griechenlands und die deutsch-griechischen Beziehungen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von B. Hänsel. München: Südosteuropa-Ges. 1990. S. 113-122. URL: https://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/ bsb00055622_00002.html?prox=true&amp;phone=true&amp;context=“Griechenland+und+Griechentum+“&amp;ngram=true&amp;hl= scan&amp;fulltext=“Griechenland+und+Griechentum+“&amp;mode=simple (accessed: 17.01.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulunyan, A.A. (1998). Political History of Modern Greece (End of 8th Century — 1990s). Lecture course. Moscow: IVI RAN publ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yazgan N. Politics of Interdependence: An Analysis of Turkish-Greek Economic Relations. Department of International Relations, 2016. URL: http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/29166/10112152.pdf?sequence= 1&amp;isAllowed=y (accessed: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazgan, N. (2016). Politics of Interdependence: An Analysis of Turkish-Greek Economic Relations. Department of International Relations. URL: http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11693/29166/10112152.pdf?sequence= 1&amp;isAllowed=y (accessed: 18.09.2018).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Γκουζέλος Δ., Κωνσταντοπουλος Δ. Ελληνοτουρκικές οικονομικες σχεσεις από τον Παγκοσμιο πολεμο / Τει Kαβάλας σχολη διοίκησης και οικονομίας [Гузелос Д., Константопулос Д. Турецко-греческие отношения после Второй мировой войны / Технологический образовательный институт Кавала]. 2010. URL: http://digilib.teiemt.gr/jspui/ bitstream/123456789/1861/1/022010196.pdf (accessed: 14.10.2018). (На греческом яз.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
