<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22836</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-4-566-582</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Gulf States’ Assistance to Egypt after the 2011 Revolution: Logic, Dynamics, Systemic Impact</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Помощь стран Персидского залива постреволюционному Египту: логика, динамика, системное влияние</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bartenev</surname><given-names>Vladimir Igorevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бартенев</surname><given-names>Владимир Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in History, Associate Professor, Director of the Center for Security and Development Studies, School of World Politics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры международных организаций и мировых политических процессов, директор Центра проблем безопасности и развития факультета мировой политики</p></bio><email>vladimir.bartenev@fmp.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Islamic Factor in World Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Исламский фактор в мировой политике</issue-title><fpage>566</fpage><lpage>582</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Bartenev V.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Бартенев В.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bartenev V.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бартенев В.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/22836">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/22836</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The current decade has seen a growing role of the Gulf States (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar) in global aid architecture as a result of the Arab Awakening. The largest packages of assistance have been provided by this group of donors to Egypt, which followed an especially tortuous path, shaped by the factor of political Islam. This paper examines the logic, dynamics and the role of such assistance in Egypt’s tumultuous history after 2011. It consists of four sections - each depicting a particular phase of the post-revolutionary period and containing an in-depth study of the logic of and linkages between the GCC members’ donor initiatives as well as an assessment of their influence on the domestic and external policies of consecutive Egyptian administrations and the behavior of extraregional actors. The general conclusion is drawn that during each of four stages the Gulf States’ actions played a pivotal role in Egypt’s turbulent development. Contrary to a widespread belief in predominance of cultural and religious solidarity in Arab donors’ aid-giving, they mastered foreign assistance as a tool of statecraft as aptly as established donors, while often restructuring it in response to the changes on the ground and/or economic environment. An increased role of the GCC members in Egypt’s fate is explained not only by their growing ambitions and capabilities but also by an excessive cautiousness of the Western countries. In comparison with the latter group - the Arab donors, which did not demand any improvements in quality of governance from the Egyptian authorities and acted very swiftly and decisively, looked as much more reliable partners. Their growing impact forced the established donors to turn a blind eye to the defects of Egypt’s political system or economic governance in order to avoid a complete loss of influence. This interdependence between the behavior of the Western and Arab donors reveals a trend, which deserves a more scrupulous examination on a wider selection of country cases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследователям, отслеживающим изменения в глобальной архитектуре международной помощи, 2010-е гг. запомнятся резким укреплением позиций стран Персидского залива (Саудовской Аравии, ОАЭ, Кувейта и Катара), произошедшим на фоне «Арабского пробуждения». Наибольшие объемы помощи эти государства предоставляли Египту, чье политическое развитие - в том числе под влиянием исламского фактора - пошло по особенно извилистому пути. В статье исследованы логика, динамика и роль поддержки стран - членов ССАГПЗ в этом процессе, начиная с 2011 г. до текущего момента. В структурном плане статья состоит из четырех частей, каждая из которых соответствует определенному этапу постреволюционной истории Египта и содержит анализ логики и взаимовлияния донорских инициатив стран Персидского залива и их воздействия на внутреннюю и внешнюю политику египетских властей и поведение внерегиональных акторов. Сделан вывод о том, что на всех четырех этапах донорская активность стран ССАГПЗ играла в турбулентном развитии Египта центральную роль. При этом, вопреки расхожему тезису о преобладании в политике арабских доноров мотивов культурной и религиозной солидарности, они настолько же искусно использовали помощь в качестве инструмента обеспечения политических и экономических интересов, как и «традиционные» доноры, корректируя ее структуру, исходя из изменений «на земле» и экономической конъюнктуры. Усиление роли монархий Залива в судьбе Египта стало следствием не только роста их собственных амбиций и возможностей, но и чрезмерной осторожности стран Запада, на фоне которых арабские доноры, не требовавшие от египетских властей повышения качества государственного управления и действовавшие решительно и оперативно, выглядели как более надежные партнеры. Их усиление, в свою очередь, заставляло западные государства закрывать глаза на те или иные дефекты политической системы или экономики Египта, дабы не потерять свое влияние окончательно. Такое взаимовлияние поведения западных и незападных доноров обозначает тенденцию, которая заслуживает подробного изучения на более широкой выборке страновых кейсов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Egypt</kwd><kwd>Gulf States</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd><kwd>UAE</kwd><kwd>Kuwait</kwd><kwd>Qatar</kwd><kwd>GCC</kwd><kwd>Arab Awakening</kwd><kwd>Middle East</kwd><kwd>North Africa</kwd><kwd>foreign assistance</kwd><kwd>investments</kwd><kwd>loans</kwd><kwd>grants</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Египет</kwd><kwd>страны Персидского залива</kwd><kwd>Саудовская Аравия</kwd><kwd>ОАЭ</kwd><kwd>Кувейт</kwd><kwd>Катар</kwd><kwd>ССАГПЗ</kwd><kwd>«Арабское пробуждение»</kwd><kwd>Ближний Восток</kwd><kwd>Северная Африка</kwd><kwd>международная помощь</kwd><kwd>гранты</kwd><kwd>кредиты</kwd><kwd>инвестиции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research according to the research project 17-37-01018-OGN</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование подготовлено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 17-37-01018-ОГН.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Almezaini, K. (2018). Implementing Global Strategy in the UAE Foreign Aid: from Arab Solidarity to South—South Cooperation. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 18 (3), 579—594. DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-3-579-594</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бартенев В.И. Помощь «хрупким государствам» сквозь призму риск-менеджмента: лабиринт объяснительных гипотез // Международные процессы. 2018. Т. 16. № 4 (55). С. 20-41. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2018.16.4.55.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amin, K. (2014). International Assistance to Egypt after the 2011 and 2013 Uprisings: More Politics and Less Development. Mediterranean Politics, 19 (3), 392—412. DOI: 10.1080/13629395.2014.966989</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротаев А.В., Исаев Л.М. Анатомия египетской контрреволюции // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2014. № 8. С. 91-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azaola Piazza, B. (2019). The Foreign Policy of Post-Mubarak Egypt and the Strengthening of Relations with Saudi Arabia: Balancing Between Economic Vulnerability and Regional and Regime Security. The Journal of North African Studies, 24 (3), 401—425. DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2018.1454650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косач Г.Г. Морские шахматы Египта и Саудовской Аравии // Российский совет по международным делам. 20.06.2017. URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/morskie-shakhmaty-egipta-i-saudovskoy-aravii/ (дата обращения: 01.12.2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartenev, V.I. (2018). Aiding Fragile States through the Lens of Risk-Management: Labyrinth of Explanatory Hypotheses. International Trends, 10 (4), 20—41. DOI 10.17994/IT.2018.16.4.55.2 (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косач Г.Г. Эволюция внешней политики Саудовской Аравии после «арабской весны» // Вестник Нижегородского университета им. Н.И. Лобачевского. 2015. № 3. С. 50-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bicchi, F., Chailland, B. &amp; Heydemann, S. (Eds.). (2016). The Struggle for Influence in the Middle East. The Arab Uprisings and Foreign Assistance. Miltin Park, Abingdon and NY: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов В.А., Оганисян Л.Д. Дилеммы демократизации: политика Евросоюза в Тунисе и Египте после Арабского пробуждения // Современная Европа. 2018. № 5. С. 25-36. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope520182536</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farouk, Y. (2014). More than Money: Post-Mubarak Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf. Gulf Research Center. Gulf Paper. April 2014. URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/179860/Egypt_Money_new_29-4-14_2576.pdf accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мелкумян Е.С. Гуманитарная политика арабских монархий Персидского залива // Пути к миру и безопасности. 2018. № 1 (54). C. 299-307. DOI: 10.20542/2307-1494-2018-1-299-307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hecan, M. (2016). Comparative Political Economy of the IMF Arrangements after the Arab Uprisings: Egypt and Tunisia. The Journal of North African Studies, 21 (5), 765—793. DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2016.1195268</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Almezaini K. Implementing Global Strategy in the UAE Foreign Aid: from Arab Solidarity to South-South Cooperation // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2018. Т. 18. № 3. С. 579-594. DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-3-579-594</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotaev, A.V. &amp; Isaev, L.M. (2014). Anatomy of the Egyptian Counterrevolution. World Economy and International Relations, 8, 91—100. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amin K. International Assistance to Egypt after the 2011 and 2013 Uprisings: More Politics and Less Development // Mediterranean Politics. 2014. Vol. 19. No. 3. P. 392-412. DOI: 10.1080/13629395.2014.966989</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosach, G.G. (2015). The Evolution of Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Poliсy after the “Arab Spring”. Vestnik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod, 3, 50—62. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azaola Piazza B. The Foreign Policy of Post-Mubarak Egypt and the Strengthening of Relations with Saudi Arabia: Balancing Between Economic Vulnerability and Regional and Regime Security // The Journal of North African Studies. 2019. Vol. 24. P. 401-425. DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2018.1454650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosach, G.G. (2017). Game of Naval Chess between Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Russian International Affairs Council. URL:</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farouk Y. More than Money: Post-Mubarak Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf. Gulf Research Center. Gulf Paper. April, 2014. URL: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/179860/Egypt_Money_new_29-4-14_2576.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/morskie-shakhmaty-egipta-i-saudovskoy-aravii/ (accessed: 01.12.2019). (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hecan M. Comparative Political Economy of the IMF Arrangements after the Arab Uprisings: Egypt and Tunisia // The Journal of North African Studies. 2016. Vol. 21. No. 5. P. 765-793. DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2016.1195268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsov, V.A. &amp; Oganisyan, L.D. (2018). Dilemmas of Democracy Promotion: the EU Policies in Tunisia and Egypt after the Arab Awakening. Contemporary Europe, 5, 25—36. DOI: 10.15211/soveurope520182536 (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sailer M. Changed Priorities in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia and the Emirates Rethink Their Relationship with Egypt. SWP Comment. January 8, 2016. URL: https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2016C08_sil.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melkumyan, E.S. (2018). Humanitarian Policies of the Arab Monarchies of the Persian Gulf. Pathways to Peace and Security, 1(54), 299—307. DOI: 10.20542/2307-1494-2018-1-299-307 (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sons S., Wiese I. The Engagement of Arab Gulf States in Egypt and Tunisia since 2011: Rationale and Impact. DGAPanalyse. No. 9. 2015. URL: https://dgap.org/system/files/article_pdfs/2015-09g.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sailer, M. (2016). Changed Priorities in the Gulf. Saudi Arabia and the Emirates Rethink Their Relationship with Egypt. SWP Comment, January 8. URL: https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2016C08_sil.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talbot V. The Gulf Monarchies in a Changing MENA Region. ISPI 139. October 2012. URL: https://www.iemed.org/ observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Talbot_en.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sons, S. &amp; Wiese, I. (2015). The Engagement of Arab Gulf States in Egypt and Tunisia since 2011: Rationale and Impact. DGAPanalyse, 9. URL: https://dgap.org/system/files/article_pdfs/2015-09g.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talbot V. The Gulf States’ Political and Economic Role in the Mediterranean. ISPI. Med. 2011. Dossier. P. 101-104. URL: https://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Talbot_en.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talbot, V. (2011). The Gulf States’ Political and Economic Role in the Mediterranean. ISPI. Dossier. P. 101—104. URL: https://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Talbot_en.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Struggle for Influence in the Middle East. The Arab Uprisings and Foreign Assistance / Ed. by F. Bicchi, B. Chailland, S. Heydemann. Miltin Park, Abingdon and NY: Routledge, 2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talbot, V. (2012). The Gulf Monarchies in a Changing MENA Region. ISPI 139, October. URL: https://www.iemed.org/ observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2011/Talbot_en.pdf (accessed: 01.11.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulrichsen K.C. GCC Foreign Policy: Struggle for Consensus // Routledge Handbook of International Relations in the Middle East / Ed. by S. Akbarzadeh. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulrichsen, K.C. (2019). GCC Foreign Policy: Struggle for Consensus. In: Akbarzadeh, S. (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of International Relations in the Middle East. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young K.E. A New Politics of GCC Economic Statecraft: The Case of UAE Aid and Financial Intervention in Egypt // Journal of Arabian Studies. 2017. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. 113-136. DOI: 10.1080/21534764.2017.1316051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Young, K.E. (2017). A New Politics of GCC Economic Statecraft: The Case of UAE Aid and Financial Intervention in Egypt. Journal of Arabian Studies, 7 (1), 113—136. DOI: 10.1080/21534764.2017.1316051</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
