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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">21467</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-2-293-301</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POLITICAL PORTRAITS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОРТРЕТЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>政治人士</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Oliver Tambo’s International Policy: Unique Features of the South African Foreign Policy Process and Personality Factor</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Международная политика Оливера Тамбо: уникальные особенности внешнеполитического процесса ЮАР и личностный фактор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arkhangelskaya</surname><given-names>Alexandra Alexandrovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Архангельская</surname><given-names>Александра Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in History, Researcher, Center of Southern African Studies, RAS, Leading Researcher, Higher School of Economics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник Центра исследований Юга Африки Института Африки РАН, ведущий научный сотрудник НИУ ВШЭ</p></bio><email>aarkhangelskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for African Studies, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт Африки РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИУ Высшая школа экономики</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">International Studies in the Global South</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Наука о международных отношениях в странах «Глобального Юга»</issue-title><fpage>293</fpage><lpage>301</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-07-16"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Arkhangelskaya A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Архангельская А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arkhangelskaya A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Архангельская А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/21467">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/21467</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the work is to develop an understanding of the role of Oliver Tambo as the actual head of the foreign policy department of South Africa during the period of implementation of the policy of apartheid and the process of decolonization of the African continent. The author’s thesis is that the African National Congress (ANC) foreign policy during the period of South Africa’s activities as a state supporting racial segregation was of the nature of external representation. The development of foreign policy was identical to the formation of a new state. The uniqueness of the analyzed situation is expressed in the fact that for the first time in history, international relations were established not only by a party that does not politically agree with state ideology, but also does not show its loyalty to any political blocs. The theses presented by Oliver Tambo in the conditions of the Cold War were democratic, consistent with the principles of civil choice and were not identified as the need for armed confrontation. It is these aspects that enabled the transition of power to the radical majority to avoid prolonged civil wars or conflicts involving international armed groups. The basis of the methodology is the understanding of the international process during the liberation of Africa and the choice of allies for this process by representatives of the leading world powers. The author uses the historical method and the method of direct oppositions of the position of Oliver Tambo and a significant number of ideological proposals from the leading world powers of the time under investigation. The article shows that the activities of Oliver Tambo fully comply with the regulations and traditions in the performance of their functions by the foreign affairs ministries. The author argues that the leading role of the ANC and O. Tambo in particular is to ensure the preservation of stability in the socioeconomic development of South Africa with the transit of power in the 1990s and the preservation of the pace of development of South Africa in the 2000s. The work examines the period from the appointment of O. Tambo to the post of Secretary General of the ANC to his death. It is noted that, in addition to the revealed features of O. Tambo’s activities for South Africa for the general theory of international relations, the above facts showed how to build cooperation with non-institutional actors in world politics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>27 октября 2017 г. отмечается 100 лет со дня рождения выдающегося южноафриканского политического деятеля - Оливера Реджинальда Тамбо (1917-1993 гг.). Цель данной работы - раскрыть уникальность роли О. Тамбо как создателя и руководителя неофициальной внешнеполитической структуры Африканского национального конгресса (АНК) в условиях борьбы с режимом апартеида в Южно-Африканской Республике (ЮАР), а также выявить особенности его внешнеполитической активности на протяжении более чем трех десятилетий (1960-1993 гг.) и влияние его личности на внешнеполитический процесс АНК в описываемый период. В статье подчеркивается уникальность роли О. Тамбо как организатора «теневой дипломатии» АНК в ЮАР. Она заключается в том, что впервые в истории полноценные международные отношения устанавливались стороной, объявленной официальным правительством страны вне закона. Таким образом, важнейшим аспектом автор обозначает дуальность международной активности Южной Африки в описываемый период: параллельно с официальной дипломатией правящего режима с начала 1960-х гг. развивалась альтернативная внешняя политика, которую осуществляли руководители и члены АНК, специально отправлявшиеся в эмиграцию для установления контактов с дружественными государствами. Поводом для роста такой активности стали окончательное утверждение политики апартеида, насильственные действия властей в противовес мирному протесту и последовавшие после расстрела демонстрации в Шарпевиле в 1960 г. репрессии в отношении лидеров и участников сопротивления. О. Тамбо оставался ключевой фигурой в международных контактах АНК вплоть до падения режима апартеида, а его руководство внешней миссией АНК можно сравнить с осуществлением функций полноценного министра иностранных дел. Другой, особый акцент автор делает на не менее важный аспект деятельности О. Тамбо - сохранение нейтралитета в отношении различных политических блоков и государственных идеологий. В условиях серьезных международных противоречий и открытого противостояния холодной войны позиция О. Тамбо опиралась на принципы демократического и гражданского выбора, при котором предпочтение отдавалось ненасильственным методам борьбы, а не вооруженному противостоянию. Автор приходит к выводу, что данный подход позволил при переходе власти к коренному большинству в ЮАР избежать длительных гражданских войн или конфликтов с привлечением международных вооруженных формирований. Ведущая роль АНК, и О. Тамбо в особенности, проявилась в обеспечении стабильности в социально-экономическом развитии ЮАР при транзите власти в 1990-х гг. и дальнейшем сохранении темпов развития ЮАР в 2000-е гг.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Oliver Tambo</kwd><kwd>foreign policy</kwd><kwd>international relations</kwd><kwd>Africa</kwd><kwd>South Africa</kwd><kwd>apartheid</kwd><kwd>the African National Congress (ANC)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Оливер Тамбо</kwd><kwd>внешняя политика</kwd><kwd>международные отношения</kwd><kwd>Африка</kwd><kwd>Южно-Африканская Республика</kwd><kwd>апартеид</kwd><kwd>Африканский национальный конгресс (АНК)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Callinicos, L. (2004). Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. 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