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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Vestnik RUDN. International Relations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20100</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-3-497-516</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEMATIC DOSSIER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ ДОСЬЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">VENEZUELA’S DEFENSE POLICY: MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION, OIL FACTOR AND GEOPOLITICAL DIVIDENDS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПОЛИТИКА ВЕНЕСУЭЛЫ ПО ПОВЫШЕНИЮ ОБОРОНОСПОСОБНОСТИ: ВТС, НЕФТЯНОЙ ФАКТОР И ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ДИВИДЕНДЫ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana Alexandrovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. of Philosophy, Professor, Head of Department of Political Theory, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философских наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, заведующая кафедрой политической теории Московского государственного института международных отношений (Университета) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</p></bio><email>ataleks@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goreslavsky</surname><given-names>Sergey Stepanovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гореславский</surname><given-names>Сергей Степанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Department of Political Theory, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Russian Federation, Deputy General Director of Rosoboronexport</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>соискатель кафедры политической теории Московского государственного института международных отношений (Университета) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации, заместитель генерального директора АО «Рособоронэкспорт»</p></bio><email>rv2660@roe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный институт международных отношений (Университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Prospects for South—South Cooperation. 	  40th Anniversary of the Buenos Aires Plan of Action</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Перспективы сотрудничества Юг—Юг.  К 40-летию Буэнос-Айресского плана действий</issue-title><fpage>497</fpage><lpage>516</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Alekseeva T.A., Goreslavsky S.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Алексеева Т.А., Гореславский С.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alekseeva T.A., Goreslavsky S.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Т.А., Гореславский С.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/20100">https://journals.rudn.ru/international-relations/article/view/20100</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article describes the history of Venezuela's military-technical cooperation (MTC, arms trade) with foreign states in the period from the 1950s until now. There are three stages of the military-technical cooperation of Venezuela: pre-Chaves stage (before Hugo Chávez came to power), Chávez stage, post-Chávez stage (after Hugo Chávez's death during the reign of Nicholas Maduro). The nature and direction of the MTC, as well as the structure of suppliers of weapons and military equipment, as well as the factors that contributed to this orientation are described for each of these stages. The conclusion is made that the MTC of Venezuela depends on two key factors - the political attitudes of the current leadership and the market environment for Venezuela's key export commodity - oil. Taking into account the severe economic, social and financial crisis that hit Venezuela, China remained the only exporter continuing large shipments of military equipment to Venezuela. At the same time, a slight recovery in oil prices allows Russian exporters to expect the Venezuelan arms market to recover in the medium term. However, competition with Chinese exporters of military equipment will require granting Venezuela large-scale soft loans. At the same time, the Venezuelan debt market will remain high-risk because of political instability in the country, foreign policy pressures and volatility of hydrocarbon prices. If the government of Nicholas Maduro falls and the Bolivarian revolutionary project is scrapped, Caracas will be politically and militarily reoriented to the US and other Western countries with a high degree of probability. However, the inertia of Russian-Venezuelan military-technical cooperation will be a solid foundation for its continuation after the stabilization of the economic situation in the country, regardless of the foreign policy orientation of the future governments of Venezuela. In any case, the Russian political leadership and the management of the military equipment exporters, working together with the expert community and academic science, must constantly carefully assess the economic and political risks of continuing the Russian-Venezuelan military-technical cooperation, on the one hand, and its potential commercial and geopolitical dividends, on the other.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье анализируется история военно-технического сотрудничества (ВТС) Венесуэлы с иностранными государствами в период с 1950-х гг. по настоящее время. Выделяются три этапа ВТС Венесуэлы - в период до прихода к власти Уго Чавеса, период пребывания у власти Уго Чавеса, с которым совпал период роста стоимости нефти и время интенсивных закупок вооружений за рубежом, и этап после смерти Уго Чавеса в период правления Николаса Мадуро. Для каждого из этих этапов рассматриваются характер и направленность ВТС, а также структура поставщиков вооружения и военной техники, описываются факторы, способствовавшие такой направленности. Делается вывод о зависимости ВТС Венесуэлы от двух ключевых факторов - политических установок действующего руководства и конъюнктуры цен на ключевой экспортный товар Венесуэлы - нефть. C учетом поразившего Венесуэлу после 2014 г. тяжелого экономического, социального и финансового кризиса единственным экспортером, продолжающим крупные поставки продукции военного назначения (ПВН) в Венесуэлу, остался Китай. В то же время некоторое восстановление цен на нефть дает определенные основания рассчитывать на возвращение Венесуэлы на мировой рынок вооружений в среднесрочной перспективе. Однако конкуренция с КНР потребует от других экспортеров ПВН предоставления Венесуэле масштабных льготных кредитов. При этом венесуэльский долговой рынок будет отличаться высоким страновым риском из-за политической нестабильности в стране, внешнеполитического давления и волатильности цен на углеводороды. В случае сворачивания боливарианского революционного проекта высока вероятность внешнеполитической и военнотехнической переориентации Каракаса на США и другие западные страны. В то же время набранная инерция российско-венесуэльского ВТС является солидным фундаментом для его продолжения после стабилизации экономического положения в стране независимо от внешнеполитической ориентации будущих правительств Венесуэлы. В любом случае российскому политическому руководству и руководству спецэкспортера в сотрудничестве с экспертным сообществом и академической наукой необходимо постоянно тщательно взвешивать экономические и политические риски продолжения российско-венесуэльского ВТС, с одной стороны, и его очевидные потенциальные коммерческие и геополитические дивиденды, с другой стороны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Venezuela</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>the United States</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>military-technical cooperation</kwd><kwd>arms trade</kwd><kwd>chavism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Венесуэла</kwd><kwd>Россия</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>Китай</kwd><kwd>военно-техническое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>торговля оружием</kwd><kwd>чавизм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dabagyan, E.S. 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