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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">INNOVATIVE ECONOMY</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">INNOVATIVE ECONOMY</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инновационная экономика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-5607</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49717</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">INTELLECTUAL FRAMEWORK EVOLUTION OF PROTECTIONISM AND FREE TRADE POLICIES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫХ ОСНОВ  ПРОТЕКЦИОНИЗМА И ФРИТРЕДЕРСТВА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maltsev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr Andreevich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мальцев</surname><given-names>Александр Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of World Economy at the Ural State University of Economics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры мировой экономики Уральского Государственного Экономического Университета</p></bio><email>almalzev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuzva</surname><given-names>Anastasia Anatolievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юзва</surname><given-names>Анастасия Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>A student at the Ural State University of Economics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Студентка Уральского Государственного Экономического Университета</p></bio><email>anastacia24.02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Ural State University of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский Государственный Экономический Университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, INNOVATIVE ECONOMY</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Инновационная экономика</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">INNOVATIVE ECONOMY</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Инновационная экономика</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/in-econ/article/view/49717">https://journals.rudn.ru/in-econ/article/view/49717</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>In the paperwork is analyzed an evolving formation of two opposite foreign trade policies – protectionism and free trade – beginning from the ancient world up to the modern era. Classification of different views on the protectionism is in the distinctive consideration: from Medieval scholastic thought to nowadays realm of Keynesianism and developmentalism. Authors present that now there is no common consensus of “accurate” balance of protectionism and free trade policies. On the baseline of the theoretic approach essential conclusions for the presumable adaption to Russian Federation economy are drawn.   </italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>В работе проанализирована эволюция взглядов на протекционизм и фритредерство  со времен Античности и до наших дней. Особое внимание уделяется систематизации различий в воззрениях  на феномен внешнеторгового протекционизма  представителей различных научных школ: от Средневековых схоластов до современных кейнсианцев и девелопменталистов. Авторы показывают, что в настоящее время в экономической науке отсутствует  консенсус в отношении «правильного» баланса внешнеторгового протекционизма и фритредерства. На основе анализа мирового опыта применения протекционизма и свободы торговли показана специфика внешнеторговой политики России. </italic></p></trans-abstract><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhagwati, B. In Defense of Globalization. Moscow: Ladomir, 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бхагвати Б. В защиту глобализации. – М.: Ладомир, 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltsev, A. A. Economic Ideas and the Global Economic Environment: A Retrospective of Interaction. 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