A historical-economic analysis of the Indian’s economy is given in the article. The periods before gaining independence, after 1947, Nery’s reforms, Rao’s reforms. Historical parallels are looked into and a brief description of the main historical periods is presented in the article. The authors pay attention to studying the structure of the economy and put changes in it down to the level of the development and the global events. A literature on the theme of the economy of the 20 the century is presented and examined. A comparison’s characteristics of the subject is given in the historical perspective. The authors use the ancient, colonial periods and the 20^th century. Special attention is paid to the research on the modern economy. Structure’s analysis is made according to the criteria that were given. The authors are determined that not only internal events, but also external influenced on economic policy of the Government. The authors stress a key role of the international involvement of India to the international relations.